The System Of Finance For Local Government Essay

The System Of Finance For Local Government - Essay Example The model was primarily concerned with finding a market-like mechanism that would achieve an efficient allocation of resources to the public sector. The main finding included the fact that inter-jurisdictional competition is a vital element of the mechanism. The key players in Tiebout’s model are individual citizens and governments. business firms are not an explicit part of the model (Brueckner 2004, p 138). It was meant to be applied to local governments and to a lesser degree, to state governments. The model assumes citizens have full knowledge of government revenue and expenditure packages, that there are a large number of communities among which individuals can choose to live, and that people will opt for the community that best satisfies their preferences. Moreover, the model assumes that government services exhibit no spillover effects (Billings 2008, p 45). Tiebout’s model made three additional assumptions; one, that jobs impose no locational constraint on indiv iduals; two, that a community’s optimal size, meaning the size for which the average cost of producing a particular packages of public services is minimized, can be determined; and three, that each community seeks to attain its optimal size (Feiock 2004, p. 76). The model envisions citizens sorting themselves out among available communities so that demands for government services within any particular community would become homogenous. In theory, Tiebout concluded that to the extent these rather restrictive assumptions are met, good and services provided by the local public sector will exhibit both allocative efficiency (the right amounts of the various good and services are produced ) and productive efficiency (they are produced at least cost) (Rivkin 2001, p. 206). In Tiebout’s model, community taxes would be benefit taxes, or proportional to the benefits citizens receive form public services, rather than taxes based on the ability to pay.

Innovation in Cipla Essay Example for Free

Innovation in Cipla Essay

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Bureaucratic Organisations Information Technology Essay

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Bureaucratic Organisations Information Technology Essay Background to change (P1) Change is the alteration of an organizations environment structure technology, or people with regards to the global market. Moreover change is a reality for any organization. Thus change can be considered as an engine or powerful force which controls the economy of the country. Moreover it is like a new project building contractor or the rehabilitation maker or modifier of old projects and this change acts as the lifeblood of any successful business. The power of change is considered as most pervasive and subtle due to its effect on the business. jobs and other daily life processes. While it is easily taken into account in the world of physical changes like construction etc, we often fail to justify other concurrent effects of changes in the business, industry or even in our daily lives. So if we fail to adjust or recognise these forces of these changes these can lead towards productivity, lower efficiency and profitability and ineffectiveness which are pers onal. The intension of this section is to put few concepts about handling this change process. So in the business environmental aspects organizations undergo changes more frequently that ever before. These changes are a result of the factors that effect the quality and dimension of the performance of the company .Merging, acquisition, application of new technologies are a few parameters which can lead to the growing need of uncertainty in an organization. thus change is taken as the important step towards the decision of the top level of the management of organization and also the most ongoing, frequent process in an successful organization. Again less involvement of change process can effect the development of the organization. Thus change process actually boost the organization to regularize its balance within its workplace with the help of analyzing and studying the reaction of the workforce to find out their reaction and use method to handle them in future. The main reacting for ces that make the ground for change come from various sources. In present years the market place has affected firms. Technology also creates the need for changes. In this present century the global world of internet, e-commerce have brought in various changes in the mode of the communication and also the selling of the products. The so called Managers are fond of saying that change is the only constant in their work. We can derive that either we manage change or we are managed by change. Managing change is thus defined as the planning and organizing of sequence of activities (staff meetings, informal conferences, memos, retreats, etc.), that promote administrative and staff interaction which move towards desirable changes in policies, programs, organizational culture, physical environment, procedures, or relationships. These changes in companies often lead to more cost-effective operations, efficient, better morale or improved services. In the case of In the case of Tech Mahindra we can see the changes in the current organizational policies. Tech Mahindra is a business transformation, global systems integrator and consulting firm focused on the telecommunication industry. With the merging technology of media and telecom, the changing portfolio of the telecom industry is becoming extremely competitive area. As companies rapidly strive to gain a competitive advantage, Tech Mahindra helps companies innovate and transform by leveraging its unique insights, differentiated services and flexible partnering models. This has helped customers to reduce operating costs and generate new revenue streams. Recognizing that margins from connectivity are rapidly falling and that future growth in revenues and margins will only come from new applications, content and services, operators today are busy addressing business opportunities revolving around Commerce, Content, Convergence and Customer Experience to gain a sustainable Competi tive Advantage- tech mahindra. Strengths and weaknesses of bureaucratic organisations (P2) In the case of any Bureaucratic organization the lack of its innovative power is the main disadvantage. Here most of the processes and tasks are so much fixed that there is no time so innovation process is almost eliminated in bureaucratic organizations. Employees get demoralized as a result of lesser employee participation and involving in any process transformation. Human resource is not utilized in the fullest manner by optimizing creativity which is the prime disadvantage in bureaucratic structure of the organizations. Again Advantages include the increased control and monitoring of upper level  management. It is the fact that the success of the organizations depends upon the wise decisions of top management. So if the top management is good, then results can be favourable and if the top management is not good then it can result in disaster. We can be argue on the fact that bureaucracies do fail on many forms as they embrace revolutionary ideologies, they fail even to provide t heir original service, they monopolize discursive space, they waste resources , they often act as though they are above the law, they distrust the democratic impulse, they eventually subvert the societys values in which they operate. We can still say that the main advantage of a bureaucracy is that its clear, unequivocal level of deterioration alerts intelligent observers to the clear fact that a structural weakness has emerged in society. Forms of organisational development (P3) As in the case of Tech Mahindra we see a wide change in the new technological applications in the Information technology department and the required system which helps in the advanced floe of data and communication of the company which is a most interesting fact in the company. The use of Information technology will concentrate on the knowledge and growth of the employees with respect to the systems and information technology. This fact will look after the utilization of the IT related hardware and software implementations of new innovation with respect to the IT systems and computers. These changes will follow by the detailed training of the associated employees in the use of modern technologies and IT systems which will enhance their productivity and make them familiar with the functions and their job role. Introduction of these new technologies will focus on the recruitment of new employees with experience of these modern technologies who will be a better asset for the company. As there is no wrong or right thing with regard to reaction towards the change process but there are things which must be undertaken to coordinate the employees to help them to familiarise with this process and make themselves interested in much positive ways? So managers have to understand the feelings of their staffs and allow them to express opinions and their related difficulties in the change process. hence the managers can explain about the necessity for these changes and give them the idea of what is necessary for them. Managers are in a continuous process of making changes to gain success within the organization but its not the case in every situations where some managers struggle to achieve this success of change management. This is the most common difference in the characters of the people who shuffle around from companies to companies for the sake of job satisfactions and at last gets entangled in a role which is not expected by him and get frustrated out of it and turns to be most inefficient for the position. Although there are many nodes and programs about this change management but unlikely these knowledge can only be critically analysed when put into practice with priorities toward the change undertaken successfully inside the organization. Systems developed for stakeholders in the introduction of change (P4) The process of evaluating the change process and its implementation is an important job for the managers. Mostly manager believe that communicating with the staffs and stakeholder is enough for their job. However their can be many reasons for employees not becoming aware of the fact of changes at the first go. The actual fact is this information should be repeated continuously before it is cemented in their minds. This is mostly as a result of the employees readiness to react towards these facts depends on some factors. Efficient communicators judge these facts what and when a message is delivered. The foremost step toward managing change is creating awareness for the need of these changes and also creating a desire among the stakeholders. Communication with them will be typically constructed keeping in mind to develop business reasons for these changes and the risk associated with not changing. Similarly in each of the steps the level of interaction with the stakeholders should be d esigned to share the right message at the right time. Thus communication planning begins with the analysis of the audience, key facts, and the timing of those messages. Thus the change management team have to construct a communication plan that is focussed on the need of all levels of the organizations like front-line employees, supervisors and executives. Each stakeholder has particular necessities for information based on their role in implementation of these change. Here training in the milestone for the knowledge development related to the change process. So the Team members of the change management have to develop training requirement based on his knowledge, skills and behaviours necessary to implement these changes. These training will be the point of start for the project team towards training program development. There may be lots of approach to guide these changes out of which some are planned and explicit, while others may be unfolding, organic or implicit. Some of the pol icies work from future to the present. These involve forecasting and making plan for achieving these goals. On the other hand there are approaches from present to future like the identification of the current priorities involved and then address those priorities. Lots of people have different opinions and approach towards conducting these changes. In order to justify the changes in the organization and properly and start guiding it in the right direction in order to achieve success the change team should have a wider understanding of the systems, organizational structure and the effort related to this process. These also include the knowledge of the basic terms and the focus of the organization. This also requires the concept of the structure of the company and having knowledge about leadership and management of the organization. From the past we have learnt the use of different tools which is effective in the change management, which helps the managers to successfully understand an d communicate about the organizations. Tools from systems theory and systems thinking especially are a major benefit. Analysing and evaluating these change systems (P5) The more interacting the change agent is working with the stakeholders of the organization, the more successful will be his effort to this change process. For the betterment of the projects it is necessary for the client to be more participative as he might not have the resources towards these participations. Whether there is a internal or any external changes coming into effect the change manager for this project along with all his stakeholders will maximise the priority for this change process and react to it accordingly. It may be a problem within the company or an exciting feature of success. together they will all gather the information , identify the findings, analyse it and derive conclusions from the collected informations. Sometimes the data gathering method is very fast as in case of organizing a large planning meeting. These kind of the inventions are also dependent on the philosophy of the stakeholders and the change managers. As in the case of philosophy of appreciative inquiry the subscribers have the authority to conduct inventions, not only by finding the cause and number of problems in the company but also by organizing interviews to find the focus and necessity of the employees in the organization. Moreover people minimise the necessity of this discovery phase and go for the change management by putting on a comprehensive and ambitious focus for the required change. Many would argue for the fact that this is unethical to organize a project for change management without having the knowledge of the companys current situation. Moreover Focusing most of the change efforts on achieving a robust vision, without at least using some careful discovery, often can be harmful to the organization because the project can end up dealing with symptoms of any current issues, rather than the main causes. Again projects can finish up by putting forward a wonderful vision with the help of motivating others. So when working to facilitate any major changes in an or ganization that already had the history of many issues its always necessary to begin from conducting discoveries importance for these change process. Models for change (P6) Thus the change management is a ongoing process is ongoing process with is concerned with various conditions which impact on the change process. Change is required for the necessity of ongoing experience and learning. In every case there is always something gained that can be put into use in case of future problems. During this process the company interacts with different types of stakeholder with different levels of knowledge and understanding. Managers are aware that its not so easy with coping up with peoples who does not have correct information about these changes. The employees relationship also eventually reflects as this process takes place. The associated fear and reasons for refusal to these changes are also understood. These facts helps the managers to effectively apply the analysis on other stakeholder who may suffer from similar problems in the future. This experience also helps the managers to improve any of his social skill that will be of help in the future. Creation of various plan of action is delighting experience for the managers as they become more systematic towards their planning activities. Moreover some plans are very systematic and comprehensive .while others deal with the expectations of integrating with each other. Thus a manager has to identify the various organizational gaps within the change management process and deliver efficient learning to its employees by Diagnosing employees resistance to change management. Help in employees transition through the change process. Create a successful action plan for personal and professional advancement during change. Develop a change management plan for your employees. Now we will look into the ADKAR model for individual change management which was developed by Prosci. This model describes five required building blocks for change to be realized successfully on an individual level. The building blocks of the ADKAR Model include: Awareness of why the change is needed Desire to support and participate in the change Knowledge of how to change Ability to implement new skills and behaviours Reinforcement to sustain the change While John Kotter has set out an eight-step strategy for change management: Establish a sense of urgency. Create the guiding coalition. Develop a vision and strategy. Communicate the change vision. Empower employees for broad-based action. Generate short-term wins. 7. Consolidate gains and produce more change. 8. Anchor new approaches in the culture. But these are only a model not reality of change and the psychological impacts on a given individual.   The change management model provides a vehicle for use to engage a conversation. As humans learn habits, these habits are formed with the repetition of the same task. Habits are developed to help in coping with the wide range of the available data which are gathered on a daily basis. Any change management process has to take this into account. In order to cope with this variety of process we develop habits which may be in the form of routine like our daily schedule at the start of the day. It is also applicable in the way we communicate with people. But when this organized structure gets changed it has a huge impact in our like style. It is not the case that the chair is placed in different direction or the flooring has a problem but the main issue is the break in the pattern which is imposed on the people. It is definitely a little thing but takes ages to resolve. As human bein g we are more prone to big changes but little things matter a lot to us. When a change process is imposed on us we feel we have little authority to decide for the change to happen and often react negatively. As companies development process we all need to help towards making this process a success. We should not force any change on the people but as a manager our role should be to encourage people to facilitate this change process. Implementation process and outcomes (P7) As the common sense suggest us that the world of technology always strive towards the changes in an organization with an age of competitive market. But we are noticing that Information Technology a powerful tool at modern age which has the capacity of developing new opportunities and options in the field which the organization does business on. The very beginning response from our innovative players was that it drives changes. All these technologies has the capability of transforming from one dimensions to the other at the work atmosphere If we take all these advantage together it behaves like a powerful tool that the organization require to be successful in this global advanced business environment. We will always find that the road ahead is difficult but if we think intensely we will realize nothing is impossible as few years ago the modern medical informatics were a dream to us but now is a part of our daily life as we are so much used to it. Our challenges will always be implemen ted according to our concepts and systems and they will run smoothly as possible, without wasting our available precious opportunities and resources because we ignored the pitfall of managing change.

Legislation and Prostitution: Do They Coincide? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

'Legislation and Prostitution: Do They Coincide? Throughout research the question: 'What exactly is the definition of pornography?,' has been asked several times. This is the answer to this very common question, "according to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973), pornography is 'Written, graphic, or other forms of communication intended to excite lascivious feelings.'" Pornography being such a broad topic as it is has been reduced and in this reading the basis of pornography, will be centered around, Legislation in part with Prostitution. Prostitution. What comes to mind when one hears this word? Cheap, degrading, trashy, offensive,...any other adjectives come to mind? What about accepted? Shocking as it may seem, but research has shown that in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, prostitution was accepted. Prostitution is defined as "a socially identifiable group of women (who) earn their living principally or exclusively from the commerce of their bodies." There were certain rules however, a prostitute was not allowed to be with good men and could not be near the church. Prostitution became institutionalized by the Fifteenth Century and if a prostitute lived on a public street she was punished. Their punishment for their first offense was only a fine, but by their third offense they had to pay a fine and were also punished by "running the town, beating, and banishment from the town." These were the laws and if disobeyed, that was the punishment. At the time this book, Bad Girls and Dirty Pictures, was written there were no laws against pornographic material in any form. In fact, 'The First Amendment to the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution' states that, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This right is either absolute or it does not exist." Anywhere in the First Amendment was there any violation of what pornography stands for? There was not any laws that prove the violation of pornography. These are laws against things that are considered obscene or too explicit. If there were no laws, movies would not be rated and magazines of any sort, would be available anywhere and to all age groups. Some

Elizabeth Keckley

English 248 12 December 2009 Elizabeth Keckley: Is She a Pioneer of Womanism? Keckley was born a slave in Virginia. She was an excellent seamstress and dressmaker. Using her skill and contacts she bought her freedom in 1855. After she was freed, she made her way to Washington, D. C. Elizabeth Keckley (1818-1907), seamstress and dressmaker to the wives of many political movers and shakers of that day. Her client list included Varina Davis, of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Mary Todd Lincoln, of President Abraham Lincoln. She sewed and tailored dresses for the daughters and ladies of the most prominent families. As her reputation mounted, she came to the attention of Mary Todd Lincoln, and soon became her dressmaker. Keckley’s soon became a companion to Mary Todd. When Mary Todd fell under financial strain after the assassination of her husband, Keckley helped Mary Todd auction off her clothing in New York. This effort proved to be futile and only served to bring negative attention to Mary Todd. In another attempt to generate funds for Todd as well as her, Keckley published her diaries in 1868: Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House. [pic] Mary Todd hated her portrayal in the book, to the point where her oldest son had it removed from publication. Because of the controversy, Keckley was treated like an outcast and her business declined. Throughout her experiences Keckley maintained an air of dignity and self respected. When Keckley and Mary Todd went their separate ways, Keckley did not deign to speak ill of Mary Todd. This was indicative of the strength of character that Keckley possessed. According to the African American Registry, â€Å"From 1892 to 1893, she left Washington to teach domestic science at Wilberforce University in Ohio. She returned soon after to spend the rest of her days at the Home for Destitute Women and Children in Washington, which she had helped to establish. She died there from a stroke May 26, 1907. †(1) There is a body of thought that subscribes to the idea that African American women have developed mindset to cope and prosper in American society. This mindset has been named Womanism. Womanism should in no way be confused with Feminism. Feminism is the belief that women are equal to and some ways superior to men. Because of this feminist proscribe to the notion the women station in American society should be equalized by any means short of violence. In her book Sisters in the Wilderness, Delores Williams defines womanism in the following way: â€Å"Womanist theology is a prophetic voice concerned about the well-being of the entire African American community, male and female, adults and children. Womanist theology attempts to help black women see, affirm, and have confidence in the importance of their experience and faith for determining the character of the Christian religion in the African American community. Womanist theology challenges all oppressive forces impeding black women's struggle for survival and for the development of a positive, productive quality of life conducive to women’s and the family’s freedom and well-being. Womanist theology opposes all oppression based on race, sex, class, sexual preference, physical ability, and caste† (67). 2) Throughout her life Keckley was a subscriber of Womanism. Keckley opposed three aspects of oppression-sexual, race and caste. Keckley proved to be an advocate for her family life as well as others. Keckley at all times strived to be a productive member of American and African American society. Born a slave and female, it was inevitable that Keckley would face sexual oppression at some time. It can be argued that perhaps the Keck ley’s mistress sensed her husband’s interest in Keckley. Because of this Keckley received undeserved beatings. â€Å"My words seem to exasperate him. He seized the rope, caught me roughly, and tried to tie me. I resisted with all my strength, but he was the stronger of the two and, after a hard struggle, succeeded in binding my hands and tearing my dress from my back. Then he picked up a rawhide, and began to ply it freely over my shoulder. With steady hand and practiced eye he would raise the instrument of torture and nerve himself for a blow and with fearful force the rawhide descended upon the quivering flesh. It cut the skin, raised great welts, and the blood trickled down my back† (20-21). This particular beating was requesting by the mistress. Keckley was never given a reason for it. The tearing off the dress is a form of sexual humiliation. Even slave women had a sense of self-respect about nudity â€Å"Oh God! I can feel the torture-now the terrible, excruciating agony of those moments. I did not scream; I was too proud to let my tormentor know what I was suffering. I closed my lips firmly, that not even a groan might escape from them, and I stood like a statute while the keen lash cut into my flesh† (20-21). This may have also been the first time that Keckley shows some type of resistance to her oppressor. Not allowing her tormentors to know how much she was suffering could only cause more suffering. Knowing that a lifetime of slavery would lead to only more unjustified persecution served as an impetus for Keckley to escape slavery. It is amazing that Keckley persevered to leave slavery considering that even her parents thought that only death would set them free. Her father wrote â€Å"†¦In glory there weel meet to part no more forever. So dear wife I hope to meet you In paradase to prase god forever†(15). Casting off her bonds of slavery and sexual repression was the first big step in Keckley becoming a paradigm of womanism. While Keckley was still in slavery she married a man whom she thought was a freeman. She found out later that was not the case. †Mr. Keckley-let me speak kindly of his faults-proved dissipated, and a burden instead of a helpmate. More than all, I learned that he was a slave instead of a free man, as he represented himself to be. With the simple explanation that I lived with him for eight years, I will charity draw around him a mantle of silence† (32). It is rumored that Mr. Keckley was an alcoholic. Keckley refused to have a child of her free will while still a slave. †¦for I could not bear the thought of bringing children into slavery† (29). (3) In explaining how Keckley believed in the development of a positive, productive quality of life conducive to women Xiomara Santamarina writes â€Å"The author was a popular dressmaker, and according to her, work was not simply about the material conditions of production but, more importantly, about the emotions of res pect and attachment the production process entailed†(4). Keckleys ability as a dressmaker turned out to be not only an economic tool but indeed the means by which she achieved status as a socialite on the D. C. scene. The respect afforded Keckley by Washingtonians was seldom given any African Americans at the time. Keckley was well known in religious circles as well as the social scene. She was a devout member of the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church. . Alice Walker wrote about womanism as â€Å"challenging inherited traditions for their collusion with androcentric patriarchy as well as a catalyst in overcoming oppressive situations through revolutionary acts of rebellion†(5). It is fitting that a new concept of thought has been attributed to African American women. After all what other segment of American society has dealt with the drawbacks of enslavement, racism, sexual abuse, classism and sexism? The African American woman’s journey to find their place in America has taken them through waters uncharted and untraveled by anyone else. There should be no surprise when their rudder is lifted from the turbulent water for inspection it is of a unique design. Strong, true, dependable, righteous without being self-righteous and always challenging what is to progress to what can be. This rudder may be defined as womanism. Elizabeth Keckley was indeed a pioneer of womanism. Works Cited (1)Reference: Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly: The Remarkable Story of the Friendship Between a First Lady and a Former Slave. Jennifer Fleischner, New York: Broadway Books. 2003 (2)Sisters in the Wilderness: Delores S. Williams. Orbis, 287 pp (3)Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House. Elizabeth Keckley, New York: G. W. Carleton. 268 pp. 1868 (4)Xiomara Santamarina Feminist Studies 28, no. 3 (fall 2002) In Search of Our (5)Mother’s Garden: Womanist Prose, Alice Walker

Developing Cultural Identity and Unity in America essays

Developing Cultural Identity and Unity in America essays As British government controlled the thirteen colonies, Americans had begun to develop their own American culture. They sought to do all they could to decline rule, including protests and other acts of refusal. After unfair and unjust British laws, along with insufferable British rule, and the diversity in culture in America, they attained a new sense of identity and unity. Around 1763, these American colonies were brought under a British policy known as salutary neglect. This policy overlooked colonial violations of Britain's trade laws and allowed the colonies to govern themselves. Yet later on, British governments began to tax Americans for war debts and other expenses resulting from the French and Indian War. Thus, an emergence of Americans trying to protect their liberty. ...America is now most firmly united and as firmly resolved to defend their liberties...against every power...that may attempt to take them away. (Doc. C) These American colonists also demonstrated their disapproval to certain British government acts, such as the tea act through the Boston Tea Party, the stamp act through the Stamp Act Congress, and also the townshed acts through the Embargoes. They believed that the British trade laws and policies were unfair, and wanted to be represented in the English Parliament. They wanted no taxation without representation. The co lonists request was turned down and resulted in even harsher laws. As remarked by Edmond Burke, Govern America [?] as you govern an English town which happens not to be represented in Parliament [?] Are Gentlemen really serious when they propose this? (Doc. B) Despite the colonists in America rooting for independence from Britain, there were still people in the country who preferred to have English rule. These types of people were often called Tories, or loyalists. These loyalists did not want to abandon the...

Salaries of Canadian Members of Parliament 2015-16

Salaries of Canadian Members of Parliament 2015-16 The salaries of Canadian members of parliament (MPs) are adjusted on April 1 each year. Increases to MPs salaries are based on an index of base-wage increases from major settlements of private-sector bargaining units maintained by the Labour Program in the federal Department of Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). The Board of Internal Economy, the committee which handles the administration of the House of Commons, does not have to accept the index recommendation. On occasions in the past, the Board has put a freeze on MP salaries. In 2015, the MP salary increase was significantly more than what the government offered in negotiations with the public service. For 2015-16, the salaries of Canadian members of parliament increased by 2.3 percent. The bonuses that members of parliament receive for extra duties, for example being a cabinet minister or chairing a standing committee, were also increased. The increase also affects severance and pension payments for MPs leaving politics in 2015, which, as an election year, will be larger  than normal. Base Salary of Members of Parliament All members of parliament now make a basic salary of $167,400, up from $163,700 in 2014. Extra Compensation for Additional Responsibilities MPs who have extra responsibilities, such as the Prime Minister, Speaker of the House, Leader of the Opposition, cabinet ministers, ministers of state, leaders of other parties, parliamentary secretaries, party house leaders, caucus chairs and chairs of House of Commons committees, receive additional compensation as follows: Title Additional Salary Total Salary Member of Parliament $167,400 Prime Minister* $167,400 $334,800 Speaker* $ 80,100 $247,500 Leader of the Opposition* $ 80,100 $247,500 Cabinet Minister* $ 80,100 $247,500 Minister of State $ 60,000 $227,400 Leaders of Other Parties $ 56,800 $224,200 Government Whip $ 30,000 $197,400 Opposition Whip $ 30,000 $197,400 Other Party Whips $ 11,700 $179,100 Parliamentary Secretaries $ 16,600 $184,000 Chair of Standing Committee $ 11,700 $179,100 Caucus Chair - Government $ 11,700 $179,100 Caucus Chair - Official Opposition $ 11,700 $179,100 Caucus Chairs - Other Parties $ 5,900 $173,300 *The Prime Minister, Speaker of the House, Leader of the Opposition and  Cabinet Ministers  also get a car allowance. House of Commons Administration The Board of Internal Economy handles the finances and administration of the Canadian House of Commons. The board is chaired by the Speaker of the House of Commons and includes representatives of the government and official parties (those with at least 12 seats in the House.) All of its meetings are held in camera (a legal term meaning in private) to allow for full and frank exchanges. The Members Allowances and Services Manual  is a useful source of information on House budgets, allowances, and entitlements for MPs and House Officers. It includes insurance plans available to MPs, their office budgets by constituency, the House of Commons rules on travel expenses, rules on mailing householders and 10-percenters, and the cost of using the members gym (annual $100 personal expense including HST for MP and spouse). The Board of Internal Economy also publishes quarterly summaries of MP expense reports, known as  Members Expenditures Reports, within three months of the end of the quarter.

Operating systems Essay Example

Operating systems Essay Example Operating systems Essay Operating systems Essay Operating systems can be compared on the basis of their various features. In this article, we are going to make a comparison between Mac and the Windows operating systems. First, lets us see that how a common user can differentiate these two operating systems. What Windows has and Mac doesnt have: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Larger software directory à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Best for custom built computers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Lower cost when used with customized pc Shortfalls of Windows over Mac à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ More prone to viruses, bugs, malwares, spywares and spam wares with low stability as compared to Mac à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Costs more in the long run as certain hardware updates cost more money à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Poor GUI and productivity. Mac can perform twice or thrice faster than Windows as it does not require you to wait for a process to end for an infinite period of time What Mac has and Windows does not have: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Better GUI à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It costs just $129 to upgrade Leopard with all features available for use. No business edition, no premium edition. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Costs less in the long run. Most of Mac upgrades cost less than those of Windows OS Disadvantages of Mac over Windows: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Smaller software library à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Low user familiarity with the interface à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cost can rise if not used for a larger amount of time. Now let us peep into the technical details about these operating systems. Describing MAC Operating System: Mac uses an open-source kernel called XNU. This XNU kernel is in fact a conglomeration of the BSD and Mach Kernels that use POSIX system calls. POSIX is the same set of system calls that is used in UNIX builds. Mac manages the memory using the priority-hierarchy of preemptive multitasking system. Through this system, the kernel can assign a priority to each running process and whenever a program needs some system resources, it checks the priority level of the program. If a program with highest priority requests for a resource, the kernel assigns it the requested resource with an allocated time. Whenever a program attempts to use a resource that is not assigned to it, it generates an event called system interrupt. Kernels attention is flagged, taking the complete control of the hardware; it lets the operating system to decide to cope with this malfunctioning program. A course of events reports error and shuts the program. XNU kernel is a standard powerful and simple kernel for running an operating system. Mac makes use of a Hierarchal File System PLUS or HFS+. A file system performs several jobs. They manages the hard drive for file type support, file storage, assignment of blocks of disk space and organization of these blocks, and insuring the integrity of the data stored on the disk. For instance, when a hard drive is formatted by a file system, every part of drive is assigned with sections of hard drive and at least one block is allowed for a file to be used i.e. every block is one of 2^32nd power block, and the file system supports up to 8 exabytes of file volume of the file. HFS+ is also known as jounraled FS. Before making changes to any file or part of file, it writes those changes to a special file called journel. This makes the recovery of lost file easier e.g. if a file is lost due to a sudden change such as power failure, the system just returns to the journel and reads the previous status to recover the file. This system has a flaw as well. Creation of journel requires a large disk space and hence reducing the size of usable space on the disk. As far as the system calls are concerned, Mac uses POSIX which is a standard set of system calls for UNIX. A system call is just a message created by a program to use resources or take some other action sent to the kernel. A system call can be one out of the five main operations: write, read, close, open and pipe.Mac makes better use of POSIX system and uses it to avoid the deadlocks where all processes suspend and the operating system hangs. Describing Microsoft Windows Operating System Windows uses the kernel named ntoskrnl.exe (NT Operating System Kernel) this is a hybrid of microkernel and monolithic system kernels. We can better say that it attempts to encompass all possible kernel jobs into one larger kernel but renders some parts of kernel to work with them and lets the kernel to run them aside as independent processes which kernel just conveys messages back and forth. Both systems have their own drawbacks so a hybrid kernel is better rather a single extreme. A good trait of ntoskrnl.exe is that it executes the complicated jobs as separate processes and bundles the simple jobs and hardware management into a central kernel. This approach creates difficulty when an attempt is made to change the functions of the operating system. Windows has many programs and processes to offset this complication, designed to enable the user to change to the system settings to some extent and is often can help an average user to cope with. Windows uses the NTFS file system which is a security-oriented and journaled file system. This file system has many specialized features like Disk Quotas (the administrator can allocate limited disk space to individual users), Alternate Data Streams (in which a file can be associated with other files without mentioning in the original file) and file shadowing (in which a file is copied whenever new replacement is saved). Windows also makes use of the POSIX file system calls. This system of system calls helps the operating system to manage the threads under processing. But as there are other mechanisms for application management working side by side, Windows become more prone to system h ands due to the deadlocks among the threads under processing. To facilitate the user and make its use easier, Windows provides the user with a greater degree of control over the processes and applications running on the computer. For that reason, user find this operating system more convenient to use and learn and this is also the main reason of its popularity particularly in the countries where English is not a native language.

Discuss the similarities and differences in the international trade Essay

Discuss the similarities and differences in the international trade Politics between China and Taiwan - Essay Example Correspondingly, international trade politics between two or more nations also project a clearer picture about the political relationships between those nations (Buthe & Milner, 2008). Correspondingly, this essay will focus on discussing the international trade relations persisting between China and Taiwan, with an intention to understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the political positioning and strategies adopted by these nations when dealing with their diplomatic relations. From a critical point of view, the political relations between these two nations can be described in terms of limited communication, rigidities, and instability. Despite of the instability between these two nations, still trade relationships between them blossomed after 2001 when China became a member nation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Supporters to this trade relation have often argued that it has been mainly due to the stability in trade relationships between these two nations that have led towards the decreasing level of recurrent political friction to a major extent (Roberge & Lee, 2009). China and Taiwan has remained focussed towards maintaining bilateral trade relationships, which has continued between them since long. The result of this trading effort was that both these nations ended up making a trading profit of $102 billion and the records of 2007 subsequently projected China as the largest trading partner of Taiwan (Roberge & Lee, 2009). As an improvisation step, both these nations started making huge investments with an aim of setting up of new industries linking the economic trade affairs of both these nations. The two nations have also made efforts in terms of convincing banks and other investment organizations for investing in the markets of both these nations. Emphasising the potentials of the trade relation, during 2009, China and Taiwan tended towards signing up of an

Human Nature & Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Nature & Sexuality - Essay Example Even though the author clearly stated the differences between the sexuality and reproduction of female animals and human beings in the sense that the human sexuality is free from hormonal dictation4 which is contrary to the case of female animals, discussing the female sexuality and reproduction of the different animal species such as rhesus monkeys, baboons, rats and chimpanzees among others in the book could cause some of the readers to initially think that the author is trying to stress or point out some similarity between the animals and humans by trying to make a comparison between the case of the female animals and human beings in terms of their physical, For instance, the author included in her example that female monkeys are also capable of mounting other monkeys in order for these monkeys to experience orgasm by getting enough stimulation from the other monkeys without the need for copulation.5 Similar to these monkeys, men and women are able to experience sexual orgasm by simply stimulating their genitalia (penis and clitoris) without going through any sexual intercourse.6 Although the author did not directly mention the similar acts of humans with the animals’ sexual behaviour, providing these two examples in her writings is nonverbally suggesting that there is in fact a similarity between the two by nature. The fact that the author discussed some observational explanation on the sexual behaviour of these animals makes the validity of her statement questionable considering the fact that human beings would not accurately know whether or not the female animals are indeed experiencing orgasm such as in the case of some women who tries to fake their orgasm in order to please their husbands or mate.

Causes for the 2007-2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis the role of Dissertation

Causes for the 2007-2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis the role of mortgage-backed securities on the bank leverage - Dissertation Example Limitations of the study 25 5. Implication of the Discussion 26 References 28 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Chapter Introduction Research is not just the process of gathering information but it is answering the unanswered questions or creating something which is not currently existing (Goddard and Melville, 2004). In simple words research refers to the search of knowledge. Thus it can be defined as the systematic and scientific search for significant information on a definite topic. It involves defining and redefining a problem, preparing hypothesis or recommending solutions; collecting, analysing and evaluating the data; making inference and reaching conclusions and lastly the conclusions are to be judged properly to determine whether the conclusion fits to the hypothesis (Kothari, 2009). The present study deals with the factors that caused the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. The study focuses on the roles of the mortgage-backed securities on the bank leverage. In order to conduct this rese arch proper research method has been designed. This chapter introduces the background of the research, objectives of the study, problem and issues in the research and the theoretical framework used in the research. Apart from these the study also sheds light on the methodology used, justifies the methodology, research philosophies, sampling techniques and instruments used to collect data. Finally the study also explicates on the ethical side of the study. 1.2 Justification of Methodology The main objective of the study is to do an analysis on the causes of Subprime Mortgage Crisis and the effects it has caused on the global economy. In this context the study focuses on analysing the case studies on Lehman Brother and Northern Rock. At the same time it also focuses on the other cause like housing price index. In order to achieve the objectives, the study uses only qualitative research approach. The study heavily relies upon the secondary data and not on primary data. Primary data res ults from firsthand observation and experience whereas secondary data results from what others have observed or experienced. Secondary data are easily available and are cheap as compared to primary data (Guffey and Loewy, 2009). The secondary data are collected using newspaper, journals, electronic sources, books and magazines. Whereas primary data can be collected using the questionnaire. To meet these requirements, the study an extensive collection of only secondary data is required, which makes application of qualitative methodology obligatory. 1.3 Research objectives The primary objective of the research is to find the causes and effects of the subprime mortgage crisis that occurred in the year 2008. In order to successfully accomplish the study, an imperative understanding about the philosophical context of the research is necessary. Dainty (2007) emphasizes that while conducting research constructing an orientation and philosophical position towards the research is important. McCallin (2003) suggests that reviewing the philosophical background and considering the paradigm of inquiry should be done at an early stage of the research.

Reading reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reading reflective paper - Essay Example I have examined several resources concluding very useful information about art the authors of which take up the main questions such as whether art is determined by the culture, its historical aspect and audience interpretation of works of art. I have observed some peculiarities of development of art while studying the materials about the museums of art, their remarkable uniformity and the origin of them. â€Å"The museum is an organizer of culture and, like all organizations, it has its quirks. Nationalism comes into play in the museums organization. However, it shows up in the subtle ways the museum celebrates national identity. Museums give a sense of historical continuity with moments of rupture. Such moments of rupture between periods are almost always defined as a reaction against what has preceded them.† (Diepeveen, Van Laar 10). It is important to mark out the problem of originality: â€Å"those who first do something are given pride of place. The emphasis on originality results in the inclusion of some kinds of works and the exclusion of others. Ideas of originality and progress devalue work that isn’t breaking new ground that is formally conservative.† (14). The history of art museums. The most complete picture of the art can be accessed in the museums which history is very informatively described in the work of Diepeveen and Van Laar: â€Å"The origins of the modern Western art museum date back to ancient Greece. In Greece the term â€Å"museion† meant a sacred place where under the inspirations of the Muses ceremonies and literary competitions took place. The great Museum of Alexandria, Egypt, was the earliest known use of the term as we recognize it today. The Museum of Alexandria created a comprehensive, encyclopedic collection of specimens and artifacts for classification, preservation and research. With the burning of the Museum of Alexandria, museums disappeared for a while from Western culture. The museum

Award Winning Books Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Award Winning Books - Annotated Bibliography Example As an immigrant he experiences both failures and triumphs as he continues to hope that his mother is alive. Written in free verse, the book highlights the importance of attitude to the achievement of goals for young readers. The year 1845 in Ireland, when overnight a mysterious blight attacked the potato crops turning them black and threatening food supply of 6 million people. The blight continued on for the next 5 years causing 1 million deaths and 2 million Irish fleeing their homeland. Ethnic and religious prejudices are tackled in the book as well as references to present crises in society. The book also features black and white sketches gathered from contemporary newspapers during the period. The author portrays how the young people of Germany became loyal to Hitler including interviews with surviving Hitler Youth members. It highlights Hitler's tactics for dominating the young people who were "a powerful political force". The book includes stories of young heroes who dared to oppose Hitler as well as those who opted to support him. M.L.K. is Marthin Luther King, Jr. and this book is his biography as told by Bolden in words and scrapbook pictures. The book focuses on MLK's principle of selfless love for one's neighbor as he expounded in his sermons, his daily life and his support of nonviolent protests, and is very inspirational for young readers. Genre: Biography, Nonfiction Suggested Grade Level: Grades 5-8 Awards/ Honors: NCTE Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction for Children Winner 2008 Burns, L. (2007). Tracking trash: flotsam, jetsam, and the science of ocean motion. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. Dr. Curtis Ebbesmeyer is an oceanographer whose attention is drawn to ocean trash in the form of Nike sneakers appearing on the beaches in Seattle. With volunteer beachcombers and supportive fellow scientists Dr. Curt tracks ocean trash while studying ocean currents. Frightening accounts about trash destroying birds and sea creatures form the climax, which is resolved by the work of the scientists which prevent further destruction. The book is about marine environment conservation and the science of ocean currents and includes a glossary and lists of related books and

Letter assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter assignment - Essay Example Fear is one of the emotions regularly observed with Nell since the first day we saw her. It should not be considered unhealthy or abnormal for her to feel fear. Any creation with normal instincts would feel fear of the unknown. A domesticated animal would feel fear when set out in the wild on its own. Fear is what provokes Nell to attack sometimes, which should again be considered normal and healthy. Any wild animal would attack when it feels cornered or endangered. It is the survival instinct embedded in the brain for self-preservation. We never consider those animals abnormal. Nor did we consider to lock up those animals because they pose danger to others. And since Nell displays the ability to be tamed and comforted even when scared, and reacts appropriately and in a timely manner to basic human gestures of comforting and appeasing --- which I firmly believe prove that her logic is working properly --- I would conclude that Nell is very much worthy to be allowed freedom to interac t with regular society. Another fact that I would like to dispute is the perception of Nell being mentally retarded. She is not mentally retarded. She was raised in a retarded environment. Her knowledge is parallel to what she was exposed to since birth. Being mentally retarded is the inability of the brain to cope up with everything presented to it. To consider Nell to be mentally retarded is similar to considering tribesmen as same. We cannot claim retardation to people just because they do not seem to understand nor fit in to what most people deem as normal society. We must also look into their ability to cope up when presented with a different scenario. Nell’s reactions to the novelty of things presented to her were similar to that of tribesmen --- fearful, curious, willing to understand and be understood. It should also be noted that for the past few months that Nell was exposed to our regular society, she adapted wonderfully. Sure she did weird

Reading reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reading reflective paper - Essay Example I have examined several resources concluding very useful information about art the authors of which take up the main questions such as whether art is determined by the culture, its historical aspect and audience interpretation of works of art. I have observed some peculiarities of development of art while studying the materials about the museums of art, their remarkable uniformity and the origin of them. â€Å"The museum is an organizer of culture and, like all organizations, it has its quirks. Nationalism comes into play in the museums organization. However, it shows up in the subtle ways the museum celebrates national identity. Museums give a sense of historical continuity with moments of rupture. Such moments of rupture between periods are almost always defined as a reaction against what has preceded them.† (Diepeveen, Van Laar 10). It is important to mark out the problem of originality: â€Å"those who first do something are given pride of place. The emphasis on originality results in the inclusion of some kinds of works and the exclusion of others. Ideas of originality and progress devalue work that isn’t breaking new ground that is formally conservative.† (14). The history of art museums. The most complete picture of the art can be accessed in the museums which history is very informatively described in the work of Diepeveen and Van Laar: â€Å"The origins of the modern Western art museum date back to ancient Greece. In Greece the term â€Å"museion† meant a sacred place where under the inspirations of the Muses ceremonies and literary competitions took place. The great Museum of Alexandria, Egypt, was the earliest known use of the term as we recognize it today. The Museum of Alexandria created a comprehensive, encyclopedic collection of specimens and artifacts for classification, preservation and research. With the burning of the Museum of Alexandria, museums disappeared for a while from Western culture. The museum

Letter assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter assignment - Essay Example Fear is one of the emotions regularly observed with Nell since the first day we saw her. It should not be considered unhealthy or abnormal for her to feel fear. Any creation with normal instincts would feel fear of the unknown. A domesticated animal would feel fear when set out in the wild on its own. Fear is what provokes Nell to attack sometimes, which should again be considered normal and healthy. Any wild animal would attack when it feels cornered or endangered. It is the survival instinct embedded in the brain for self-preservation. We never consider those animals abnormal. Nor did we consider to lock up those animals because they pose danger to others. And since Nell displays the ability to be tamed and comforted even when scared, and reacts appropriately and in a timely manner to basic human gestures of comforting and appeasing --- which I firmly believe prove that her logic is working properly --- I would conclude that Nell is very much worthy to be allowed freedom to interac t with regular society. Another fact that I would like to dispute is the perception of Nell being mentally retarded. She is not mentally retarded. She was raised in a retarded environment. Her knowledge is parallel to what she was exposed to since birth. Being mentally retarded is the inability of the brain to cope up with everything presented to it. To consider Nell to be mentally retarded is similar to considering tribesmen as same. We cannot claim retardation to people just because they do not seem to understand nor fit in to what most people deem as normal society. We must also look into their ability to cope up when presented with a different scenario. Nell’s reactions to the novelty of things presented to her were similar to that of tribesmen --- fearful, curious, willing to understand and be understood. It should also be noted that for the past few months that Nell was exposed to our regular society, she adapted wonderfully. Sure she did weird

James Spencer Essay Example for Free

James Spencer Essay Introduction The conditions for the poor were terrible at the time when Charles dickens wrote the novel a Christmas carol to express his concern about the conditions for these people. At first Charles was going to show his concern by writing a serious pamphlet explaining the conditions people were living in but after much thought he decided a book would be better because he was a famous author. Charles believed this would help by alerting people of the lives the people were living so they would donate to charity at Christmas a time of giving. Paragraph 1 In stave one of the book we are introduced to Scrooge and Jacob Marley. In the first stave scrooge is described as and evil man and also you can tell this from the things he says Every idiot who goes around with Merry Christmas on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding and buried with a stake of holy through his heart. He replied to his nephew after he invited him to Christmas dinner this shows he dose not like Christmas and also he is very rude and is not afraid of sharing his point of view with others. Scrooge is rude to all the people who try to be nice to him in this first chapter from the men who asked for a donation for charity to his employee who asked for Christmas day off to whom he only just excepted say he needs to be in the earlier the next day. When scrooge goes home he sees the ghost of his ex-partner Jacob Marley who tells him he will have to mend his ways or he may end up with a similar fate. Paragraph 2 In stave two Scrooge is visited by the first of the three ghosts of Christmas the ghost of Christmas past. This chapter gives us a lot of important information on scrooge such as his time at school his work for Mr. Feziwig and his relationship that ended when he became obsessed with money I have seen you nobler aspirations fall off one by one until the master-passion, gain, engrosses you. Scrooges fianci e told him when she didnt want to see him anymore because he had changed at the begging of this chapter he is show as a hard working boy in school that didnt really have any friends but had a grate love for his sister. The chapter also tells us about the time he worked for Mr. Feziwig and how he used to have a good time and how he was bad employer because he didnt treat his staff to a good time. Paragraph 3 In stave three Scrooge meets the second of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas present who shows him what over peoples Christmas are like this shows the appalling conditions the Cratchits lived in and how his nephew disrespects him and what he says about him his offences carry their own punishment, and I have nothing to say against his. Fred said after he called a toast to his uncle later on at the meal they all insult scrooge. In this chapter we learn of the great poverty of the Cratchits were they have to share glasses and of tiny Tims illness and how he will die if scrooge doesnt help him. Paragraph 4 In stave for scrooge meets the last of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas future. In this chapter of the book scrooge finds out he has died and he realizes that no one liked him and that his money was not any use to him when he was dead he frightened everyone away from him when he was alive to profit us when he was dead! Ha, ha ha! The pawn broker says as we realizes all of scrooges possessions have been sold when they can no longer be any use to him as he is dead. In this chapter he realizes that being a bad person isnt any good to him and thats its better to be remembered as a good person than a bad one because thats all you have when you die. Scrooge has now changed and wants to be a better person and we see what he dose in the last chapter Paragraph 5. In the last chapter in the book scrooge seems to be happier person he dose this by trying to be nice to other people and by doing good deeds he also apologizes to bob and says a merrier Christmas, bob, my good fellow, than I have given for many a year! Ill raise your salary; endeavor to assist your struggling family. Scrooge said to bob on Christmas day he also gives the Cratchits a turkey anonymously and goes to dinner with his nephew and family this shows that scrooge has changed a lot and also want to be a better person. Conclusion I believe that by the end of the story scrooge is a better person and the only reason he became a bad person was because of his own ignorance to what was going on around him. Charles Dickens is try to tell his rich audience of readers that money isnt every thing and you can have a good time without it but if you do have it you should be generous and try to help over people have a good time and by doing that you will have a good time your self.

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market

Main Market Segments In Egyptian Market Introduction Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and has spread over 20 countries worldwide. Its a private sector company operated under HOLDER group which its 3 businesses are bread-making, pastry and restaurants. Pauls well known across its borders, and Egypt is one of its targeted countries as its further developing, nowadays. Through our frequent visits to various spots in different cities in Egypt, we noticed how life style is developing encouragingly; we had to be certain about how liable our projected sales would be in this market. Accordingly we had assigned a marketing research to an international marketing research company TNS Global which had been for decades present in Egypt. By this we could ensure more accurate estimated results with first-rate standards. TNS Global has provided us with the primary data through statistical research. We agreed upon that to follow the marketing research through the following steps. a) Defining Problem and research objective. Our main goal is to ensure the feasibility of entering the Egyptian market, and thorough which means. b) Developing the research plan. We needed to focus on adults and students as a primary target, athletes and healthy people as secondary target children and seniors as tertiary target, without neglecting business targets as well. The research needed to cover the following information: The demographic, economic and lifestyle characteristic of these segments. Main market segments in Egyptian market Perceived price for our products by Egyptian consumer Suitable market entry Preferable sales approach Acceptance of the Egyptians for French products -Egyptian consumer behavior and buying rhythm Suitable product features (size-packaging-colors-labeling) Competitors (local-international) Legal and social environment in Egypt Raw materials-labor cost and other production cost if we consider producing locally Investment rules in Egypt online commercial databases, we emphasize the primary data through our research to guarantee its validity and objective conformity. Our primary data collection will use survey research approach c) Sampling plan. Random sample questionnaire is used to ask people, on our product and on the idea itself and how they react to it and how much acceptable for them it would be and such open-ended questions. To put hands on required information for research objective. d) Implementing the research plan. TNS Global had feed us with implantation that includes collecting, processing, analyzing the information. e) Interpreting and reporting the findings. Conclusions were sent to us in a vivid form that assured our idea about the viability and investment of our product in the Egyptian market. Part B Executive summary Paul is preparing to launch one of its branches in Egypt, which is one of the big developing markets. Through direct investment to insure our control over the Egyptian market. Despite the presence of bakeries other competitors, we can compete because our offering combines both high distinctive quality and suitable market price. We are targeting special segments in the consumers level, taking advantage of high quality baked goods, and distinctive foods and desserts. The primary marketing objective of this research is to obtain first year Egyptian market share of 20 %. This primary financial objective is to achieve first year sales revenue of 20 million EGP, while keeping losses to less than 6 million EGP. Current Market Situation Paul founded 120 years ago and is a market leader in France with more than 360 local branches and have spread over 20 countries worldwide , and is about to enter the Egyptian market directly . The demand of the Egyptians to cafes with baked goods is increasing rapidly which lead to increase in competitive pressure. Thus dependence on high quality and a little over price according to other competitors will be obligatory to reach market share in this environment. Paul must carefully target specific market segments. Market Description Paul market consists of consumers of all ages from young children up to seniors which could be athletic , healthy or food admiring , who needs a quick pick and go or a short break in regular daily basis . In the first year we will focus on specific segments. Table A1 illustrates how Paul covers the needs of targeted consumers Product Review Paul offers various high quality standard products indoor where customers can have ability to connect via the Internet while enjoying leisure or meeting or takeaway: 7 Plates specially for breakfast 6 Varieties of plates for a quick lunch 24 Different sandwiches with the variety of 7 different breads 10 Types of pies pizzas 15 Salads 8 Grand classic bread 10 Pleasure bread 8 Light and healthy bread 4 Special meals for athletic and Healthy people 11 Different types of cakes and desserts 5 Type of ice creams 9 Viennoiseries and sweet pastries 6 Options of Crepe 36 Fresh juice , Hot and cold drinks 7 Take away boxes of 12 mini special desserts of ones choice Table A1: Target Segments Customer Need Corresponding Benefit Children Sweets Desserts Macaroons Cakes Tarts Ice creams Students Quick pick and go before classes Small snacks on way back home or between courses Sandwiches Viennoiseries Hot and cold drinks Salads Adults A little gathering between shopping, work or hangouts A quick drink on busy days Breakfast or lunch plates Fresh juice or other drinks Crepe Pies and pizzas Seniors Buy goods for home or family One of the 22 Bread A box of mini desserts Athletic and Healthy Healthy low fat food Food to fit in their daily diet A grab before or after workout One of 8 types of the healthy breads with minerals and vitamins The unique collection of the healthy sandwiches One of the meals for athletic people depending on their activity and their daily need First year sales profits are expected to be 20 million EGP based on sales of Pauls baked goods. During the second year we prepare to introduce Pauls restaurant which will provide the following: Soups Side dishes Side sauce Big main dishes for Breakfast , Lunch Dinner More menu variety from each category of the previous provided products Competitive Review Increased entry of cafes and bakeries has pressured competitors to continuously let prices down and add more products every day. Competitors include: Starbucks Costa coffee On the run The bakery Starbucks: Is an international coffee shop from 30 years ago, offering hot and cold drinks, some desserts and very few sandwiches. Costa cafà ©: is a 28 years old coffee shop which is internationally recognized, that offers few sandwiches, salads and desserts. But recently is facing financial struggles due to the increase of competitors and being not able to provide a bigger variety of products. On the run : is the biggest competitor as its widely branded through almost 9000 stores worldwide , and one of the leading stores locally .It sells desserts , sandwiches, hot and cold drinks , salads , very few pizza. The bakery : is one of the several shops which is considered to be a cafà © and a bakery that sells some bread , sandwiches , few desserts , hot and cold drinks Despite this strong competition, Paul can make out a distinct image and win recognition between these competitors and targeted segments. Our Unique way of baking bread is definite and doesnt exist anywhere else , adding Pauls large variety of products which have French background makes it unique in the local market , and never disregard 120 years experience. Distribution review Pauls products will be sold through Pauls stores and also through other stores in top 20 Egyptian markets. Among the most important partners that will help us distribute that already has been contacted are: Super Markets. Metro market Alfa market. Will allow Paul to present its product in their store. Local bakeries. The baker, Bread basket. Will buy from Paul its unique bread variety to offer in their store. School and University. American University Cairo , German School Cairo , British International School Cairo, German University Cairo French University Egypt , Le Collà ¨ge de la Mere de Dieu . Have agreed to deliver most of our sandwiches, desserts and beverages in their Cafeteria. Fitness centers and sport clubs. World gym, Golds gym and Platinum gym, will sell our healthy sandwiches and athletics meals. SWOT Analysis Strength Variety. Our customer has a wide range of varieties through which they can explore and try and not getting used to only one product. Price. Our products are in an affordable competing price according to the provided quality. Quality. Paul signed with the Ministry of Healths Terms of voluntary commitments nutritional progress under the Programme National Nutrition Santà © on all its products. Paul becomes the first brand of bakery and catering to obtain this recognition. Reputation. Paul has achieved an esteemed reputation throughout the years. Unique. Paul provides many unique products in the Egyptian market which can allow it to have a definite image between competitors which would help it to have the targeted market share. Weakness Brand Awareness. As a start up, Paul didnt yet establish an image or brand name in the local market. Whereas On the Run and other competitors have a strong image and national brand recognition. Culture Background. Most of our product comes from French background, thus it will take a little time for the Egyptian culture to explore and familiarize with it. Opportunities Paul can take advantage of two major market opportunities Lack in market. Egyptian market lacks most of the products that Paul would introduce. Increase demand. Egyptians demand to cafes with baked goods is growing rapidly. Threats Increased Competition. More bakeries and cafà ©s are entering the Egyptian market. With hundreds of them, Paul must stress out clear differentiation. Competitive pricing. Increased completion is pushing down the prices. Duration. Pauls products are all food based, thus it has to be sold during a short time period due to expiry and quality precautions. Objectives and Issues We have aggressive but reachable objectives during out first and second years of market entry. First year Objective. During the entrance of Paul for the first year in the Egyptian market, we are targeting for 20% share of Egyptian market. Second year Objective. We are aiming to achieve 30% of Egyptian market based on launching Paul restaurant and to achieve break even early in this period. Marketing Strategy Pauls marketing strategy mainly depends on positioning of product differentiation. Consumer target Primary consumer target. Adults and students which are considered upper to middle income individuals , who gathers around the tea-area in Paul and consumers more during their stay. Secondary Consumer Target. Athletes and healthy people, due to their demand for healthy and energetic food which contains high vitamins and nutrients that Egyptians market lacks. Tertiary Consumer Target. Children and seniors, as their needs would be little and met easily by mostly buying few products takeaway, like sweets, bread or desserts. Business Target Primary business target. Is mid to large sized Schools Universities. As there are large amount of students who can benefit from its presence at their location especially during their break or between lectures as well as their ability to buy such product. Fitness centers Sport Clubs. Can profit from the existence of our products, pre or post workout, which could allow them to maintain their training and diet. Positioning Through product differentiation, our product will position itself differently that other competitors. We will focus on high quality, unique taste and price added value. Product strategy Paul will be offering all the products reviewed in the earlier product review section during the first year. We will establish Paul restaurant which will be offering, Soups, Side dishes, Side sauce, big main dishes for Breakfast, Lunch Dinner as well as more menu variety from each category of the previous provided products. Building Pauls brand name that advocates high quality satisfaction is a crucial part of our strategy. The brand name PAUL will be printed on every bags and packaging to strengthen its entrance in the marketing promotion. Pricing Strategy Since Pauls products are new to this market, and due to high competition between prices; Paul will introduce its products in a lower price during the first year until Pauls restaurant is launched by the second year afterward an addition o 10% on Pauls product will take place to compensate the costs being paid to establish the restaurant and to allow further expansion to cover more parts of Egypt. Our First Year average prices will be as follows. Breakfast Plates ( 14 35 LE ) Quick lunch Plates ( 3 5 -56 L.E ) Sandwiches with the varieties ( 24.5 42 L.E ) Pies Pizzas ( 14 28 L.E ) Salads ( 24.5 38.5 L.E ) Grand classic breads ( 7- 10.5 L.E ) Pleasure breads ( 7- 35 L.E ) Light and healthy breads ( 10.5 35 L.E ) Athletic and Healthy meals ( 40 65 L.E ) Cakes and desserts ( 14- 28 L.E ) Ice creams ( 7- 14 L.E ) Viennoiseries and sweet pastries ( 5.6 14 L.E) Crepes ( 10.5- 17.5 L.E ) Fresh Juices , Hot cold drinks ( 7 21 L.E ) Take away boxes ( 70 L.E ) Distribution Strategy Pauls channel strategy is to use its store location as a primary tool to distribute its products and to rely secondly on well known supermarkets, local bakeries, schools, universities, fitness centers and sport clubs , and lastly on online orders. Marketing Organization Marketing Communication Strategy By combining and distributing all media messages simultaneously, we will fortify the brand name and the main points of product differentiation, especially out unique breads and desserts. Media campaign will be critical before and during product introduction. Therefore, advertising will appear on a rhythmic basis to maintain brand awareness and convey numerous differentiation messages. We would coordinate Public Relations efforts to develop Paul Brand name and support the differentiation message. We will as well offer limited time promotions, a listed item for customers that will buy a dessert, breads or other products will be offered without charge and further such promotions to attract market attention and favors purchasing. Paul will provide free samples on first one month, for its business targets, as well as it would set special trades deals for retailers that would place volume orders. We would as well rent booths in grand malls to demonstrate our products for first two weeks, we also will offer discounts for purchases that exceeds 150 L.E. Multimedia advertising campaign will take place; offers will be held with our partner radio stations, so that free gift coupons would be offered as a prize through them. Action Programs Paul will enter the Egyptian Market in September. The upcoming steps will summarize the action programs that will be taking place in the next six months. August We will begin with 400,000 L.E. sales promotion campaigns, to introduce the awareness of Paul to the local bakeries, schools and universities, fitness clubs and supermarket and also to generate excitement for Pauls entry on October. September Paul will be launched. Internet, Radio, and print campaign will take place, directed towards our business and customer targets. The campaign will show the products we offer, their quality, and that they are new and unique in Egypt. October As internet , Radio, Print multimedia campaigns persists , we will add consumer sales promotions , as offering promotions for large amount purchases , giving free item to consumers that buy desserts , breads and other products , as well as placing our booth in grand malls offering free samples. November We will distribute our products to schools, universities and supermarkets at this stage .Sales contest will be hold to offer prizes for sales person or one of our partners that offers our products, which had sold most out of our products. December Radio ads will put on celebrities taking about their experience trying Paul. Prints, television and internet ads will show celebrities eating a dessert from Paul. January We will offer out free coupons to our partner radio stations .we will place our products in local bakeries, fitness centers and sport clubs. Results of customer satisfaction survey will be counted and considered to make use of it in further promotions, and to review feedback of our products. Budgets The first Year sales profit is projected to be 20 million EGP. We predict the first year loss of 6 million EGP as there would be marketing budget not less than 1 million EGP plus the start up expenses of factory building , machinery , and staff hiring and training. Controls We are arranging a Very tight control measure with strong monitoring method to ensure customer satisfaction. That will allow us to respond very quickly in correcting any problems that may arise. Part 3

Celine Dion :: Canada Canadian

Celine Dion Celine Dion is a proud Canadian, that is why she has sung our national anthom at countless events, that is why she financially supports numerous Canadian organizations, that is also why she continues to make french and english albums. She is a healthy role model for young and old people all over the world, and it is an honour to say she is Canadian. Celine Dion was born in Charlemagne, Quebec, on March 30, 1968 and was the youngest of 14 children in a large musical family. Celine Dion was named after a song her mother was singing while pregnant. She was discovered singing in the family owned restaurant, at age 12, but had been singing there ever since age five, along with her other siblings. It was a small restaurant and club where the children could often showcase their musical talents where her father would play the accordian and mother the violin. At only five years old, she had already began to develop as a singer and entertainer, so it makes sense she had the talent and capability to produce her very first recording at only age twelve with her mother and her brothers. Celine was discovered by Montreal Impresario, Rene Angelil, who later became her husband, in 1981. Celine's mother had found Rene's address in an album of Ginette Reno, a popular french singer. Rene had heard the demo-tape containing the songs Cel! ine had written (In particular "Ce N'etait Qu'un Reve"-or in english, "It was Only a Dream"), and he was immediatly taken by the voice of young Celine that he became determined to make her an internationally known talent. When he first heard her sing live, he cried because it was so beautiful. Rene had so much faith in Celine, that he even mortgaged his house to finance the production of Celine's debut album. Her only obstacle for success beyond Canada and France was her French lyrics. Record companies, as it turned out, were less enthusiastic of investing in a low-class preteen than Rene Angelil was. The financial support they needed to make Celine a success was not being produced, so they created a low budget Christmas album, "Celine Chante Noel," (Celine Sings Christmas), and another album, "Voix du bon Dieu," (The Voice of God). Celine released these singles at the young age of 13, yet they proved to be very successful. Even though these were low budget, people gave the albums a chance, and soon Celine had become the teen sensation of Quebec. Her early years also brought a string of awards, allowing

Ghosts in The Women Warrior Essay -- Literary Analysis

Envision yourself as encircled by strange, yet terrifying and evil spirits that trouble you in your worst nightmares. The spirits could desire something from you. In fact, they could aid you in locale of frightening you. Should you attend to them? What do you contemplate they are trying to notify you? In one of the inquiries above, notice the ironical use of the word â€Å"fact† that endeavors to obscure the fictitious nature of ghosts. It displays that the meaning of the word â€Å"ghost† is equivocal. In supplementary words, the word â€Å"ghost† is multivalued, that way that ghosts can purpose in extra than one way. The word â€Å"ghost† originates from the Aged English word â€Å"gast,† and its synonyms are â€Å"soul, spirit [good or bad spirit], existence, breath,† and â€Å"demon† (etymonline.com). In the book, The Woman Warrior, that is, ironically, subtitled as Memoirs of a Girlhood Amid Ghosts, the author, Maxine Hong Kingston, uses the word â€Å"ghost† as a metaphor to typify her confusion concerning discovering a difference amid reality and unreality – the difference that divides her American present that prefers and her Chinese past that her mother, Valiant Orchid, filters into her mind across talk-stories that steadily daunt her to cross her established bounds. Ghosts, in the book, change reliant on point of view. Anybody whose deeds deviates from what is satisfactory in one area is a ghost according to the associates of that society. To Chinese people, like Valiant Orchid, Americans are ghosts. On the supplementary hand, Chinese are ghos ts according to Chinese-Americans (including Kingston, who finds her past loaded alongside frightening Chinese ghosts). For Kingston, Ghosts, however, are not always scary; in fact, a little of them enthuse... ...Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. Random House, Inc, 1976. Print Bucci, Diane Todd. "Chinese Americans and the Borderland Experience on Golden Mountain: The Development of a Chinese American Identity in The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts." Ethnic Studies Review 30.1/2 (2007): 1-11. Ethnic NewsWatch. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. . Paman, Alex G. "Asian Ghost Stories." Yolk 31 Dec. 2000. Ethnic NewsWatch. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. . Rector, Monica. "Cross-Cultural Understanding: The American Ghost." Semioticon.com. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. . Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. .

Accountability and Transparency in Public Procurement

Accountability and transparency in public procurement Police chief Hemant Karkare died with bullet proof jacket at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 26/11/2008 at 22:45 PM while attacking pakistani terrorists. Bullet Proof jacket was such low quality that does not work! From the above example, we can easily understood the Public procurement is how much transparent in our country. Moreover, It was not published in any newspaper that who is/are accountable for that Bullet Proof jacket(s). Nobody was accountable nor anybody got punishment!!! We can make a lot of SWOT analysis upon accountability and transperancy, public procurement vs. ommercial procurement etc. but the question is what’s the thresold limit of compromising. Not only India, most of the countries alongwith international agencies such as UNDP and the World Bank are in the process of harmonizing and perfecting their approaches to the diagnosis of financial accountability. Such as World Bank’s Country Financial A ccountability Assessment (CFAA) (CFAA assess the risk that public funds may be used illegitimately, inefficiently or ineffectively, by comparing the financial management standards and practices of agencies using funds against an international or ‘best practice’ standard. Sustainable Public Procurement is one major way of seeking to achieve the UNDP’s good governance goal of â€Å"realizing development that gives priority to the poor, advances women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihoods. † The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is the first legally binding international anti-corruption instrument. As of 12 July 2012, the convention had been ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to by 161 countries as well as the European Union.On Dec 20, 2011 the Europian Commission officially announced its proposal for the new procurement directives. Literature review Literally accountability mea ns the state of being accountable, liable, or answerable i. e. responsible, by both its people and its elected bodies, for its choices and actions. Transparency denotes the free access to governmental political and economic activities and decisions. Procurement is everything associated with an incoming invoice. This holds true for goods, services, and works.In public procurement transparency and accountability have been recognised as key conditions for promoting integrity and preventing corruption, balancing with other good governance imperatives, such as an efficient management of public resources, providing guarantees for fair competition etc. In order to ensure overall value for money, the challenge for decision makers is to define an appropriate degree of transparency and accountability to reduce risks to integrity in public procurement while pursuing other aims of public procurement. Who is accountable?Every person who is in a position of power on trust is accountable for the u se of that power. Within the execution of any system, there is a hierarchical structure by which each level is accountable to the next higher level, from desk clerk to the cabinet. For instance, the clerk who failed to maintain up-to-date records, the Officer who failed to supervise the Clerk, the Head of Department who is answerable to Parliament, but failed to get sufficient trained staff etc. and so on. But it is easy to pin down who is accountable. Public Procurement & Transparency The goal of Public procurement are : ) serving the organisation, b) appropriate use of public funding, c) efficient use of public funding, d) accountability, e) value for money etc. But the real picture of public procurement is horrible ! The most common practice is â€Å"Low Bid† or H1 bidder. But the â€Å"low bid† is equated to a poor quality standard have often soured the public perception of the profession, even though the interpretation of some of these decisions may have been repo rted out of context. Even through e-procurement always there is a gap exists. Secondly supplying Low quality by paying bribe to govt. fficials is a very common practice. Generally Political powerholder to government servants are engaged in circumvention of their own laws. Lot of examples are failure of budget estimates of revenues and expenditures, avoidance of credit limits through an accumulation of unpaid bills, transfer of amounts toward the end of the year to deposit accounts to avoid lapse of funds, manipulation of performance data and associated means. Hence economic growth and policy measures may not be formulated. General public may not always know what the government is doing.While some countries review of the estimates by the audit agency, or through an assessment by credit rating agencies but this practice work against financial accountability. There are vital gaps in most public budgets and accounts. In several cases, they do not provide information on tax expenditures, outstanding guarantees, non-financial assets, and liabilities including contingent ones. Public procurement operations are subject to various controls: local controls, accounting controls, controls made by fiscal authorities, as well as external controls and audits.As public procurement has become more decentralised, a key concern is the lack of co-ordination between various controls, which has led to some loopholes and overlaps in controls over the procurement process. Only a few countries have mechanisms to ensure coordination of control. A related difficulty is to maximise the use of information produced by different controls. Demand for Public Procurement Public procurement created by external demands. As we know that these are transparency, integrity & accountability. Transparency refers to openness and equal opportunities for all interested bidders.Integrity refers to avoiding improper, wasteful or corrupt and fraud practices. Accountability refers to the fact that public pro curement authorities are responsible for effective, legal, and ethical way of procurements. Public procurement is affected by distinct internal demands. This is serving multiple political goals. This complicates public procurement, because sometimes it is not clear to identify the influence of political powers on public procurements. The second internal demand is serving a large amount of stakeholders. These various stakeholders may have different objectives.Ultimately Common public suffers. There are other factors also affects on the procurement process. 1) Demands on the process from legal regulations. 2) Public procurement is restricted from engaging into long-term relationships with their suppliers. 3) Absence of a perfect competition in public procurement may affects by various ways. Benefits of accountability Poverty is the biggest challenge facing the globe in the new millennium. Government is less accountable and responsive to citizens. All the citizens do not get equal acce ss to government services.Conversely, improvements in governance are associated with higher per capita income, higher adult literacy, lower infant mortality and reduced poverty. Fiscal transparency is a necessary condition for sound economic governance. Timely publication of a budget document enables the market to evaluate government’s intentions and allows itself a constructive discipline on the government. Transparency increases the political risk of unsustainable policies. A transparent public financial accounting policy makes it possible to determine what the government has done and to compare budgeted and actual financial operations.Further, open procurement policies not only facilitate the achievement of basic macroeconomic policy objectives, but also increase the productivity of public expenditure. One of the underlying objectives of improved transparency and accountability is to reduce the extent of corruption in the management of governmental affairs. Points to ensur ing accountability and transparency in public procurements are : Accurate records: A pre-condition for accountability and control. Internal control: A management instrument for improvement. External audit: Must for SWOT analysis.Challenging procurement decisions: Complaint and recourse mechanisms with ensuring public scrutiny. Hence the steps to be taken are: a) Strengthening parliamentary control in big infrastructure projects. b) Governments to reduce the high costs and the distortion effect of corruption in public procurement. c) Ensuring transparency at all phases of procurement, from demand creation to contract management and payment, through unrestricted access to all documents for the Monitor and for all activities, which brings both policy and technical expertise to the project. ) Providing adequate incentives and sanctions for both the public authority and bidders i. e. equal opportunity; f) Provide the right environment for detecting corruption and protects against it. Bes ides raising awareness about the structure and the application of the public procurement systems, we should follow the International common methodology for benchmarking and assessing public procurement systems. The Capacities of Supporting Transparency and Accountability by our civil society is the strength of novel and innovative progress. PARTHA MUKHERJEE [email  protected] com (1018 words)

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Student: B00227358 University of the West of Scotland Issues Surrounding the Role of Innovation in the Economic Growth Process Introduction The modern world economy shows that the scientific and technological knowledge and innovation are key factors for sustainable economic growth. Much of the competitive advantages that the country holds today derives from the use of scientific knowledge and applied technology become the corporate level to develop new products or services through the management of technological innovation, marketing, and organizational.The world globalization highlights the urgent need for business organizations that produce goods and services for domestic or international market recognize the strategic value of innovation and incorporated into its business management as an instrument or tool that is part of your corporate culture. Innovation is an essential element for any organization in order to survive, grow and significantly influence the direction of any indus try.Development does not; however, guarantee success, but most be followed up with successive streams of innovation and change, from the incremental to the radical. Discussion The most reliable way to be successful in the industry is to innovate better and longer than the competitor, leading companies develops innovation portfolios that they can use to help sustain growth over the long term. Innovation and change is an essential part of any business activity, but only some people recognize its importance and significance.Companies recognize that key factors such as productivity, competitiveness, and productive marketing and organizational efficiency, depend increasingly implement suitable mechanisms to change from the stage knowledge generation (Science and Technology), or import and assimilation of it to the stage of practical application through the process of innovation. In the recent years, entrepreneurship has become the most successful innovation to increase the economical gro wth of the country. Entrepreneurship has long een briefly viewed as a foremost vehicle for financial development and it has captivated investigators from a kind of disciplines with very varied analytical approaches. Audretsch & Thurik, in their paper â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† demonstrates the change which is being made in the OECD countries. According to them, the reason for this change is the entrepreneurial economy (Audretsch & Thurik, 2001, 267). The paper is an attempt to articulate and identify the differences between the new emerging entrepreneurial economy and the managed economy.According to this paper, there are a total of 14 trade-offs that confronts these two economies. The major economic benefits of European integration will come not through economies of scale, but rather through economies of diversity (Audretsch & Thurik, 2001, 308). The countries that have adopted the entrepren eurial economy have been successful in making additional growth. In another paper, â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Wennekers and Thurik looks at the link between the entrepreneurship and the economic growth of a country.The paper concludes that entrepreneurship really matters for the prosperity of a country. In today’s modern world of economics, entrepreneurship plays an essential role in the growth of economy. According to the paper, ICT-revolution and globalization implies the need for a structural change which requires a considerable reallocation of the resources, this increases the demand for entrepreneurship (Wennekers & Thurik, 1999, 140). The Schumpeterian tradition of the analysis which concerns the form, innovation and entrepreneurship is examined in the paper, â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach. Burton proposes a post- Schumpeterian framework as a remedy for the defects in the Schumpeterian fra mework. The framework presented by Burton is based on four main elements Diffused Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Management; Collaborative Business Arrangements for Knowledge Creation; Knowledge Protection; and Knowledge Creation (Burton, 2001, 7). We can look take assistance from this framework to strengthen the innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Furthermore, in â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† demonstrates the occurrence of the high growth prospective of the new emerging firms.There are different rates of economic growths which have been observed in the country. Not every entrepreneurial start-up contributes to the generating economic growth. It shows that other factors also influence the economic growth of a country. Innovation in science and technology is also an essential part in contributing to the growth of economy in a country. Economic growth is a process through which knowledge is transformed into qualit y goods and services that satisfy human needs (Wong et al, 2005, 335).The companies are the means through which scientific and technological knowledge is applied in a practical way through the production process, and is transformed into goods and services increased level or better quality, which contributes to the economic and social transformation. Organizations need a change of approach, which involves focusing attention on existing technologies that when used on a widespread basis through processes of innovation, can have a significant impact on the UK economy.Most countries recognize the importance of science and technology as tools for economic growth, but many developing countries focus exclusively on the generation of knowledge in basic research support. Countries must adopt strategies to improve the infrastructure of basic services, so that the appropriate level of the same foster technological development necessary to achieve sustained economic growth: Without a decent infr astructure of basic services it is not possible to develop major applications of technology.Many developing countries have made the mistake of not giving enough importance to the training of technicians and technologists, and artisans, which are home to many small and medium enterprises. Today most of the curriculum and curriculum of universities in developing countries have become obsolete (Murray & Blackman, 2006, 132). In an increasingly globalized world requires changes in national policies to incorporate science and technology in the design of economic strategies, in order to achieve: 1. The use of existing technology, using the strategy of â€Å"shadow and fast â€Å"using ICT (information) than is available in the world, 2.Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in technological capability and seek to promote links with other firms in the chain, 3. † Upgrade â€Å"of existing technological capacity in the business sector, 4. Identify market niches and incorporated into the chain 5. To promote international technology partnerships, 6. Using technology foresight methodology in the various sectors (Murray & Blackman, 2006, 132). Among the various fiscal and policy instruments that can be implemented to stimulate technological innovation and boost business ties between the actors.We need to promote intellectual property, promote international cooperation in technology transfer, and promote co-financing for technological innovation and venture capital funds for technological innovation. Other than that encourage the creation and development of small and medium enterprises to promote business development centers and technology incubators, implement technology parks; enhance the technological links with companies in free zones are also very important. There are many issues involved in the role of innovation.For many years, we have tried to understand the relationship between innovation and development in global and in particular its economical dimension. This interest has increased significantly. While this issue has been addressed in the literature at least since the 60's and 70's, is the late 80's and 90's in that discussion has intensified in part by the new avenues that are opening the economy informational. A new technological revolution based largely on information, and spread through the global economy, affects the spatial conformation of economic activities (Uljin, 2003, 15).This is due to the characteristics that result from different combinations of endogenous processes such as fixed capital investment, research and development, education, the advantages in the use of technologies, the economies of scale, the allocation of resources, and a variety of institutional factors that vary between countries. This applies not only within countries but even between regions. The industrial map is diversified, resulting in regional differentiation based on the vocation of the places on those parameters.Innovative industries of the ne w technological revolution do not show a generalized spatial dispersion. On the contrary, are located in regions where they meet the requirements for innovation. Three issues deserve particular attention. First, it increases the importance of knowledge and intelligence as the basic factors of the system. They are the key for access to and ownership of information that feeds the dynamics of innovation by enabling technological transformation and modernization of the economy (Uljin, 2003, 15). Second, it involves growing interdependence among various actors and resources.Among them are companies that make up the economic structure of a region, universities, local government, the labor market, community, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and funding sources. Conclusion This is particularly important as the playing experience with innovation policy has become a panacea for a variety of problems. It is clear that the contexts in which they have successfully implemented these policies cont ain factors that are areas of opportunity for action and that lessons should not be isolated without context.Third, the information economy, enhances the integration between regional and global networks. The paradox of the twentieth century is that, in a global economy, regions and cities become increasingly important, even when they have less power than national governments and are always in constant competition. The regions have enormous advantages to compete globally; from greater flexibility to adapt to changing conditions at the national level can be tackled only with painful effort behind. References Audretsch, A. D. and Thurik, A. R. 2001), â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No 1, Pp. 267-309 Burton, J. (2001), â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach,† International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovatio n Management Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 7-29 Murray, P. & Blackman, D. (2006), â€Å"Managing Innovation through social architecture, learning, and competencies: a new conceptual approach,† Knowledge and Process Management, 13, 3, Pp. 32-143 Uljin, J. (2003), â€Å"Cultural Conditions of Championing Innovation in International Technology-Driven Firms: Ways of Conceptualisation and Assessment,† ECIS Reseach, Pp. 15-19 Wennekers, S. and Thurik, R. (1999), â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Small Business Economics, Vol. 13, No 1, Pp. 140-149 Wong, K. , Ho, Y. P. & Autio, E. (2005), â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† Small Business Economics, Vol 24, Pp. 335 – 350