Conflicting Desires in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man

Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) Essay

The Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) was made to clarify how HR includes esteem; it was planned by a joint effort of both authority and generalists working in the UK and all inclusive across private and open divisions. The HRPM was created by the CIPD. The plan of the HRPM is to be significant and relevant to HR experts working anyplace on the planet, all segments and in associations of any shape or size. It catches what abilities are required for powerful and fruitful HR. There are 4 groups which identify with proficient abilities; they characterize the commitment that experts make at each phase of their HR vocation. The key regions of these groups incorporate help and relationship with customers, exercises performed by HR, where time is spent and how commitment and achievement is estimated. The band outlines are: Band 1: Support organization and procedures, is client orientated. Band 2: Advises and oversees HR issues. Band 3: Lead and counsel, tending to key HR change at association level. Band 4: Lead and Manage proficient zones, creating and conveying HR procedure. The HRPM is comprised of 10 expert regions, 2 of these are the center of the guide. Outline? At the very center is â€Å"Insight, Strategy and Solutions†. It is at the center it is familiarity with the business and creating noteworthy experiences and arrangements. Besides is â€Å"Leading and Managing the HR Functions†. This is claiming and forming to understanding drove driving, incorporating working with financials, for example, planning while at the same time overseeing HR execution. Its structure it to address issues and needs. The 8 other expert territory sections personality the exercises and information that are required to give authority support, these are pertinent inside as well as remotely. Hierarchical Design: Structure changes, conveying authoritative goals. Association Development: Workforce centered for authoritative key aspirations. Asset and Talent Planning: Focusing on pulling in the perfect individuals. Learning and Development: Combined business and HR mastery to bring esteem. Execution and Reward: Delivering programs that perceive and reward. Worker Engagement: Prioritizes business experienceâ ensuring there needs are met. Worker Relations: Areas, for example, approaches and techniques, business law. Administration Delivery and Information: Ensuring HR conveyance is precise and opportune. The external hover of the HRPM shows the practices which portray how exercises ought to be done. Inquisitive: Future centered Definitive Thinker: Analyses, comprehends information to settle on guard capable choices Skilled Influencer: Pursues the associations esteems By and by Credible: Builds and conveys polished skill. Community: Efficient with a wide scope of individuals Headed to Deliver: Determined and ingenious Mental fortitude to Challenge: Confident, makes some noise skilfully Good example: Leads by model Taking everything into account the HRPM can be utilized as an instrument to recognize your quick and future advancement needs. 1.2 This segment will remark on the expert zone â€Å"Employee Relations† inside band 2. My job is on a very basic level HR. Rehearsing HR in the organization I center around guaranteeing administrations I give are opportune and successful by having information to give incredible client administrations. As a band 2 worker my obligations incorporate guaranteeing values and conduct desires saturate through the associations procedures, arrangements and writing. My fundamental center when managing these subjects is to get the applicable documentation all together I get a huge measure of up close and personal questions and calls from a wide range of representatives with a wide scope of points including pay/finance related inquiries. I have been with the organization almost 3 years and exhibit band 2 abilities frequently; I have taken in the assessment procedures and arrangements accessible. This is the reason I turned into the key contact for HR. I generally start by get-together the real factors and tuning in to the worker and attempt to demonstrate a time allotment when I hope to hit them up. On the off chance that I can’t meet that I will tell them before it arrives around then. I at that point get to assets, for example, CIPD site, SAGE helpdesk, HMRC and Internet to plan accurately documentation. While setting up any documentation which would incorporate business law I have these checked with ranking staff despite the fact that I exclusively draft these. At band 2 not all the behaviour’s may apply, I would show the accompanying in this expert zone: Driven to convey: Staff issues areâ challenging hence I will research these as well as could be expected guaranteeing the best result for the association yet utilizing sympathy to representatives. By and by trustworthy: I keep documentation steady by utilizing standard organization layouts/designing just a s ensuring they are sent opportune and conveying polished skill to the two representatives and friends. Boldness to Challenge: I have great associations with senior administration and guarantee I check my realities so I can challenge things suitably. 2.1 †2.3 My job is key for the business I should be precise about organization strategies and frameworks; I should hit the nail on the head first time. This has been an enormous piece of my job as of late because of speedy extension which additionally incorporated another office. Before this extension I was the sole organization from everyday activity to HR inquiries. My points are the focal point of improving our organization HR and picking up the instruments to get this going. The extension included TUPE-ing 10 site laborers, I accentuate with their complaints and expect to deal with these protests in valuable manners, It is a decent discussion to accumulate thoughts which may help improve our techniques. Workers: I manage different necessities, from the early enlistment process, current staff to staff leaving. The primary are Payroll related. The focal point of my activity is guaranteeing the Payroll is right, we run 3 separate Payrolls all have complexities like costs, extra time. By conv eying and reminding partners when Payroll is running downplays any clashing requirements for other work requests. My primary technique for correspondence with the representatives is phone. For issues that need documentation, for example, pay increments, missed additional time are carefully recorded and I am severe in not running updates without documentation. I examine anything like this to significant records. The favorable position to calls can be typically the worker is away from the colleagues and the workplace is more clear conveyance about any issues. The hindrance to calls is you can’t consistently get the best inclination for a delicate circumstance without perusing the non-verbal communication. Applicants: Recruitment is typically generally consistent; anyway the most recent 7 months enrollment was/is occupied. The workforce has multiplied. The primary technique for correspondence inside enlistment is calls and SMS messages, because of the business we work candidates won’t will in general associate with email. My telephone number is the hotspot for all enrollment enquiries. I should be reasonable with my time as calls can take a great deal of time outâ the day if not arranged appropriately. For instance should I set up a meeting I utilize a pre composed SMS/content informed so I include competitor data and send. This lessens long calls and competitors react well to a message with all the data they need. To interior staff I run a HR schedule on viewpoint add any arrangements send meetings to all pertinent group pioneers/office chiefs with updates. It permits me to illuminate different individuals rapidly utilizing my time. All group heads/bosses work Smart Phones permitting this to be an instrument that I can utilize well do to this. As my job includes numerous regions I spending plan my time likewise to be as financially savvy as could be expected under the circumstances. This is something I have figured out how to know about while functioning for a little organization. I likewise exploit any savvy assets, for example, the Job Center site. The points of interest to calls are you show signs of improvement comprehension of the individual and can getter a superior comprehension of their activity foundation to guarantee they right questioner plays out the meeting. The disservice to calls can be during enrollment periods my day can be extremely problematic to me so I attempt and pre plan for these events. Executives: There are two chiefs with the organization, one is operational and the other is progressively monetary/back office. Them two have similarly significant requesting undertakings which I need to adjust my time around. I keep the two chiefs educated with undertakings I am managing basically by email. I have week after week gatherings with a chief, this is the spot I address increasingly complex HR issues. For a disciplinary issue I can get the best comprehension of the realities as it will be an eye to eye discussion The favorable position to gatherings is they are open discussions so I can set up all HR documentation as needs be and with the real factors. I can take records I have arranged to these gatherings, so as to check the executive is glad and that any legitimate prerequisites are secured. I figure out how the archives necessit ies are examining these up close and personal. The detriment can me here and there you can’t address significant issues untill it is the ideal opportunity for a week after week meeting.

Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) BPD Print Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 09, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 19, 2019 Hybrid Images/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Treatment When to Get Help View All Back To Top Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychological condition thats characterized by unstable moods and emotions, relationships, and behavior. Its one of several personality disorders recognized by the American Psychiatric Association  (APA). Personality disorders are psychological conditions that begin in adolescence or early adulthood, continue over many years, and, when left untreated, can cause a great deal of distress.?? Thankfully, the treatment thats targeted to BPD can help significantly. Symptoms BPD can often interfere with your ability to enjoy life or achieve fulfillment in relationships, work, or school.  Its associated with specific and significant problems in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, behaviors, and thinking, including:?? Relationships:  People with BPD tend to have intense relationships with their friends, family, and loved ones characterized by a lot of conflicts, arguments, and break-ups. BPD is also associated with a strong sensitivity to abandonment, which includes an intense fear of being abandoned by loved ones and attempts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. This usually leads to difficulty trusting anyone and may cause significant strain on interpersonal relationships.Self-Image:  Individuals with BPD have difficulties related to the stability of their sense of self. They report many ups and downs in how they feel about themselves. One moment they may feel good about themselves, but the next they may feel they are bad or even evil.Emotions:  Emotional instability is a key feature of BPD. Individuals with BPD may say that they feel as if they are on an emotional roller coaster with very quick shifts in mood (for example, going from feeling okay to feeling extremely down or blue within a few minutes). These mood changes can last from minutes to days and are often intense. Feelings of anger, anxiety, and overwhelming emptiness are common as well.Behaviors:  BPD is associated with a tendency to engage in risky and impulsive behaviors, such as going on shopping sprees, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or abusing drugs, engaging in promiscuous or risky sex, or binge eating. Also, people with BPD are more prone to engage in self-harming behaviors, such as cutting  or burning and to attempt suicide.Stress-Related Changes in Thinking:  Under conditions of stress, people with BPD may experience changes in thinking, including paranoid thoughts (for example, thoughts that others may be trying to cause them harm), or dissociation (feeling spaced out, numb, or like theyre not really in their body). Causes Like most psychological disorders, the exact cause of BPD is not known. However, there is research to suggest that some combination of nature (biology or genetics) and nurture (environment) is at play. Contributing factors that may increase your risk include: Negative Experiences: Many people diagnosed with BPD have experienced childhood abuse, trauma, or neglect  or were separated from their caregivers at an early age.?? However, not all people with BPD had one of these childhood experiences and, conversely, many people who have had these experiences do not have BPD.Brain Structure: There is also evidence of differences in brain structure and function in individuals with BPD, especially in the parts of the brain that affect impulse control and emotional regulation.?? However, its still unclear if these differences are a result of having BPD or if they are part of the cause.Family History: Having a parent or sibling with BPD also means you may be a higher risk of developing it.?? Remember that a risk factor is not the same as a cause; just because you have risk factors doesnt mean you will develop BPD, just as many people who dont have these risk factors develop it anyway. Treatment Although at one time experts believed that BPD was unlikely to respond to treatment, research published in 2017 has shown that BPD is very treatable.?? Getting help from a mental health professional is critical because, with consistent treatment, you can live a better quality of life with fewer symptoms. Since BPD is associated with risky behavior, self-harm, and suicide, treatment can also help curb these behaviors. Find someone who specializes in BPD because you will need treatments that are targeted specifically to BPD. If you arent getting the right treatment, it may not be as effective. Treatment options include: Psychotherapy: This is the standard treatment for BPD. Examples of psychotherapy that are targeted to BPD include dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and mentalization-based treatment (MBT). This may include your family, friends, or caregivers as well.??Medication: Your mental health professional may also recommend medication to help treat certain symptoms such as depression or mood swings.??Other Treatments: Hospitalization or more intensive treatments may be necessary as well in times of crisis. The symptoms of BPD can affect a variety of areas, including work, school, relationships, legal status, and physical health, which is why treatment is so critical. Despite the obstacles that BPD can cause, many people with BPD lead normal, fulfilling lives when they stick with their treatment plan. When to Get Help If you or a loved one are having suicidal thoughts, call the  National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  at  1-800-273-TALK (8255),  24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Calls are free and your information is kept confidential. If you think that you or a loved one may suffer from BPD, its imperative that you seek the help of a licensed mental health professional, such as a mental health counselor, social worker, psychologist, or psychiatrist. Its important to remember that many of the symptoms of BPD are symptoms that everyone experiences from time to time. Also, some of the symptoms of BPD overlap with other mental and physical conditions. Only a licensed professional can diagnose BPD. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF The good news is that once a diagnosis is made, there is hope. Your therapist or doctor can help to determine a plan of action, which may include psychotherapy, medications, or other treatments. Research has shown that with good, consistent treatment, BPD symptoms can be reduced significantly.?? Some people who were once diagnosed with BPD no longer meet the criteria for the disorder with treatment and time.

What Is Puberty A Critical Period Of Life And Worldview

What is Puberty? Puberty refers to the adolescent physiological development and psychological development period of rapid change, the transition from childhood period to adulthood; a critical period of life and worldview is gradually formed. Usually is after the child 10 years old. In the transition to adult sexual development, performance, body, and an important period of heart full development characterize sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is the core of puberty. The main changes of puberty can be summarized as the following aspects: (1) Sexual development: including gonads, genitals, secondary certificate includes development and sexual function. For teenagers, to be timely, adequate and appropriate sex education according to their growth characteristics and the age in which cultural background. Let teens know that sexual morality is the symbol of human civilization, to understand the noble character of valuable, life in the community, to be social recognition and acceptance, it must abide by social morality, including sexual morality. Conducting sex education should also pay attention to improving the poor external environment, good living arrangements for amateur youth, guiding them to the legitimate activities in order to stimulate their legitimate interest in life. (2) The adolescent growth spurt, forming a second peak growth rate, a significant increase in the skeletal system and some of the internal organs during this period. (3) The circulatory system andShow MoreRelatedMy Goal As A Licensed Counselor961 Words   |  4 Pagesto children and adolescents. My goal as a licensed counselor will be to develop a collaborative relationship where each client feels empowered to act as an expert in developing effective coping skills, manage anxiety, depression, navigate difficult life transitions, and enhance communication skills and relationships. Reflective practice and self-evaluation will be an integral part of my practice. This also means being able to set my experiences, values, privilege, beliefs and biases aside during counselingRead More Theories of Development Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 4) There are factors of biological development that considersRead MoreErikson Theory2711 Words   |  11 Pagesactions for a purpose. Guilt is a confusing new emotion. He may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt. He may feel guilt when his initiative does not produce desired results. The development of courage and independence are what set preschoolers, ages three to six years of age, apart from other age groups. Young children in this category face the challenge of initiative versus guilt. As described in Bee and Boyd (2004), the child during this stage faces the complexities ofRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have ï ¬ nished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Và ¶lkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrastingRead MorePerceptions of Youth Towards Premarital Sex9892 Words   |  40 PagesPERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH TOWARDS PREMARITAL SEX In-Partial Fulfillment of Master’s Degree Requirements MR. ALMON M. ALEGADO M.A. IN PSYCHOLOGY ARAULLO UNIVERSITY Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Sexual feelings begin long before puberty. As noted by Ellis, Freud, and Kinsey (1996), very young children and even babies, two and three months old, have sexual experiences (both through self-stimulation and through handling, caring, and fondling by parents). Premarital sex is serious moralRead MoreMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 Pages Children are largely unaware of what is happening politically and economically in the world. (F) 5. A childs world is for the most part carefree, with little pressure other than that of schoolwork. (F) 6. Normal child development brings with it a variety of tasks such as achieving independence and forming basic values. (T) 7. Children in todays world are more protected than earlier generations and are not expected to mature as quickly or make critical decisions as early. (F) 8. The resilienceRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 PagesWhat Is LGBT? LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual they describe peoples sexual orientation or gender identity. These terms are explained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generallyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesfoundations will help guide and support all California preschools in providing developmentally appropriate instruction and activities that engage young minds, hearts, and bodies. Such learning will lead to children’s well-being and success throughout life. JACK O’CONNELL State Superintendent of Public Instruction Acknowledgments T he development of Volume 2 of the California Preschool Learning Foun ­ dations involved many people. The following groups contributed: (1)†¯project leaders;

The Postal Service ( Usps ) - 1541 Words

Abstract Since 1971, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been a self-supporting government agency that covers its operating costs with revenues generated through the sales of postage and related products and services. The USPS is experiencing significant financial challenges. After running modest profits from FY2003 through FY2006, the USPS lost $41.1 billion between FY2007 and FY2012. Since FY2011, the USPS has defaulted on $11.1 billion in payments to its Retiree Health Benefits Fund (RHBF). The agency has reached its $15 billion borrowing limit and is low on cash. In October 2012, the USPS bolstered its liquidity by withdrawing all of the cash from its competitive products fund. Background On the day July 26th, 1775, the U.S. postal system is established by the Second Continental Congress, with Benjamin Franklin as its first postmaster general. Franklin (1706-1790) put in place the foundation for many aspects of today’s mail system. During early colonial times in the 1600s, few American colonists needed to send mail to each other; it was more likely that their correspondence was with letter writers in Britain. Mail deliveries from across the Atlantic were sporadic and could take many months to arrive. There were no post offices in the colonies, so mail was typically left at inns and taverns. In 1753, Benjamin Franklin, who had been postmaster of Philadelphia, became one of two joint postmasters general for the colonies. He made numerous improvements to the mail system,Show MoreRelatedThe Postal Service ( Usps )1433 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Postal Service (USPS). The USPS continues to struggle financially and has not shown a profit since th e year of 2007. Congress continues to place pressure to privatize the postal service and to run like any other organization. Unlike other for profit organizations and businesses the USPS receives benefits from Congress such as bailouts when they cannot meet payroll, and are exempt for paying federal and state taxes. On the other side of the coin, the Postal Service must go beforeRead MoreEssay on Usps: the Future of Postal Service619 Words   |  3 PagesUSPS: The Future of Postal Service Since December 2011, discussions have been made about different actions for the U.S. Postal Service to implement in order for the company to stay in business, provide service, and become financially stable again. Options of cutting its’ network of mail-processing centers in half have been in the mix. This will affect a substantial amount of employees who work in these centers. Businesses and citizens who rely on the postal service for communication and shippingRead MoreUsps Deficit : Problems Plaguing America s Postal Service3857 Words   |  16 Pages USPS Deficit: Problems Plaguing America’s Postal Service By Deborah Alicea Lauryn Famiano Enrique Gonzalez Minyi Huang MGT 231 Organizational Behavior Professor Linval Frazer September 4, 2014 Table of Contents Problems of USPS 1 Related Concepts 4 Recommandations 6 1. Innovating Technology System 6 2. Cutting Costs 7 3. Changing Business Model 9 4. Improving communication 10 Conclusion 11 Work Cites 12 Problems of USPS In today’s society the technology of smartphones,Read MoreThe United States Postal Service1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Postal Service is a natural monopoly in the delivery of first class mail, as the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act prevents any other firms from delivering letter mail (Jaag, 2014). The reason for this was to allow one firm to specialize in mail delivery; therefore being the most efficient way to ensure the rest of the country received their mail on time. After all, receiving mail in a timely manner is critical for society to function. Imagine if everyone received their bills and lettersRead MoreMonopoly Of The United States Postal1483 Words   |  6 PagesMONOPOLY OF THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SEVICE There are few remaining monopolies today. Apple and Wal-Mart are both world-renowned monopolies. Another monopoly is the United States Postal Service. The United States Postal Service is a natural monopoly in the delivery of first class mail, as 1970’s legislation prevents any other firms from delivering letter mail. The reason for this was to allow one firm to specialize in mail delivery; therefore being the most efficient way to ensure the rest of theRead MoreUsps Case #11032 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. Postal Service Case 1 1. Why is it important for the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) to have a high volume of mail to process? The United States Postal Service (USPS) has grown to become the largest provider of mail service in the world during one of the peaks of its economic lifetime. As the company grew bigger and bigger to accommodate the increased demand for its services, the USPS increased its productive capacity through expansion by acquiring the necessary equipment and other technologicalRead MoreLaws Affecting The Agency Of The United States Postal Service1485 Words   |  6 PagesLaws Affecting The Agency When it comes to The United States Postal Service, I did not think they would have many court cases, especially dealing with diversity and mistreatment in the workplace. During my research, however, I was proven wrong. The Postal Service has had quite a few court cases, while many of them relate to ethical and discriminatory issues. Individuals have felt that the Postal Service sometimes judge applicants or workers by their lifestyle or ethnicity. This in turn shows badRead MoreSaving the USPS Through Privitization Essay example989 Words   |  4 Pagesand because of competitors like FedEx and UPS the United States Postal Service (USPS) is having financial problems. All over the world there has been sweeping postal reform. New Zealand moved to three day mail delivery, Canada eliminated home delivery in cities, and the United Kingdom recently privatized their mail system. The United States Postal office has been losing money and reported a loss of $15.9 billion dollars in 2012. The U SPS has been increasing stamp prices to make up for this financialRead MoreExternal/Internal Factors Affect the 4 Functions of Management1431 Words   |  6 PagesExternal/Internal Factors of an Organization Team B has decided to do our paper on the United States Postal Service. The reason for this is that this service utilizes each of the functions such as globalization, the newest technology, the best innovations, and diversity and ethics combined all in one great service we each use on a daily basis in one way or another. During the reading of this paper, one will find that the following has been researched and discussed: the explanation of the four functionsRead MoreBankrupt Or Billion Dollar Retirement Fund?1160 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that the USPS isn t going out of business. I Attention: Attention getter: Everyone wants to save money and everyone hates to see postage going up. You have probably been told that the reason is because the USPS is going bankrupt, but do you really know why? Purpose statement: By the end of today I hope you will consider doing one of the hardest things in your life; pick up a pen and paper and write a letter to each of your congressmen urging them to revise the postal accountability and

Programs for Children and Adolescents Free Essays

Bullock, L. , M. , and Gable, R. We will write a custom essay sample on Programs for Children and Adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now , A. (2006). â€Å"Programs for Children and Adolescents With Emotional and Behavior Disorders in the United States: A Historical Overview, Current Perspectives, and Future Directions. † Preventing School Failure, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 7-13. A. The article by Lyndal M. Bullock and Robert A. Gable is devoted to the important and ever urgent topic of the difficult problems that teachers and other educational professionals encounter during their attempts to find effective ways for a proper inclusion of children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) into the educational processes, either in frames of the general educational institutions, or under the auspices of special programs and educational settings specifically designed for those having various forms of E/BD. The format of the article is such that it includes both general historical and factual information about the discussed field, and sets forth several research questions that are elaborated and partially answered by the authors during the course of the article. Those questions pertain to the influence that factors of the disproportionality and personnel shortages have on the effectiveness of programs for children and adolescents with E/BD. B. It is important to point out, that for a clear and focused discussion of the mentioned complex topics, it is essential to distinguish between various forms of E/BD and related disorders. The authors of the article do exactly that as they classify the population of children and adolescents who are covered and not covered by their study. For example, they not only discuss statistics related to E/BD, but as well provide comparative tables that show the place that E/BD hold among all disabilities that are served under â€Å"Individuals With Disabilities Education Act† (IDEA). Furthermore, in the article the analysis is offered that shows how the population of participants identified in the study is structured according to age and race or ethnicity, which significantly enriches the methodological usefulness of the article. In general, the authors make it easier for readers to trace throughout the article information about the population of children and adolescents with E/BD of ages 3-21 and of Caucasian/White, African American, American Indian, Hispanic, and Asian races and ethnicities. C. The study contained in the article is of a relatively short length, but has quite a concentrated amount of information, and offers a large number of references and an extensive bibliography. In this way, the study by Bullock and Gable is not limited to a certain location, but rather is a summary of their own more narrowly focused pieces of research combined with relevant contributions of other researchers. D. Due to the chosen approach to the investigation of the research questions, the result that the authors reach is not limited to the confirmation of the urgency of those questions, but as well is reinforced by the authors` ability to place the problems related to the much needed programs for those affected with E/BD into the general social context. Indeed, the authors manage to convincingly show that the passive stance towards the discussed problems may lead to their significant aggravation already in the near future. E. Considering the mentioned points, the main strength of the article is the ability of the authors to synthesize specific information in such a way as to make it understandable not only to experienced educational professionals, but as well for younger ones to whom the authors appeal in the article as they discuss personnel shortages presumably with the aim to interest new potential specialists on E/BD. Also, the strength of the article is its successful combination of historical data and forecasts, which gives the sense of the direction of the development of the discussed field. As a weakness of the article may be identified its lack of inclusion of relevant foreign experience which might add useful insights on E/BD treatment. F. Similarly to the above mentioned strength of the article, I believe that I should use the strategy of integral and coherent presentation of information in my teaching because it helps students correctly appreciate the general context that any given information is almost always placed in. In practice, this way of presentation of information can increase the interest and personal involvement of students in the process of study, and may help them immediately see how even a small contribution of one teacher can have significance for many people. How to cite Programs for Children and Adolescents, Papers

Organisation Behaviour Essay Example

Organisation Behaviour Essay Option 3: Evaluate the statement that ‘organisational structure reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human rationality (Knights Willmott, 2007)’. Introduction: Different authors have different definition toward organizational structure. Mintzberg (1979) defines the organization structure is defined as ‘The sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct task and then achieves coordination between them’ (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 197). In simple words, organizational structure is talking about the structure of an organization, how a company categorise their workers or management to achieve their goals. Basically, organizational structure is talking about the management system that include organic and mechanistic management system. In an organization, there will be a lot of matters happened because of the organization structure. Hence, people keep discover different management structure to assist in organizational structure like Taylor and Ford that influence the organization structure by using scientific method to classified the work of an organization and control the achievement of the organization (Fayol, 1949; Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned model that designed for the organizational change is the best model. However, is there any the best structure for organization? When we treat one structure as the best structure for organization, we must consider the factors that will make the structure no longer applicable. Environment is the important influences that we cannot ignore about. The unstable of environment led the organization structure keep on changing. One of the changes in the structure of organizational was from mechanistic management system to organic management system. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mechanistic and organic of organizational structure are two formally form of management system that applied in organizational structure (Burns and Stalker, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm level to network level, which means from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and there was nothing permanent (Smith, 2011). Organizational structure is also the same, there are no the best structure for an organization since the environment is keep on changing. ‘‘There is no one best way to organize’’ and ‘‘any ways of organizing are not equally effective’’ (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2009, p. 954). Environment and organization are interdependent, they depend on each other between an organization (pugh et al. 1963 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that appropriate organizational structure depends on environmental factors. Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unprecedented change in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) claims that an organization must match and follow with the rate of change in its environment if the organization want to reach a maximum performance or achieve their goals. The performance of an organization depend on how they construct their structure to align with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and O’Regan, 2010). An example that shows the change of technology that led to the changes of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and software development resulted in architectures evolving over time, at the same time organization structures developed special forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effective structure or strategy can promotes competitive advantage to strengthen an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and O’Regan, 2010 ) . Besides, there are a wide range of structures given to an organization to choose whether which structure is appropriate to them and can align to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most few effective structure mixed that fix to their different environmental problem faced since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change again no matter due to technological or political factor, organization need to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment. If their structure is not the best in current environment, then they need to revise their structure again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment may either lead to some benefit or harms to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Soparnot (2011) believe that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Soparnot (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can destabilize organization and it is risky and costly. In an organization, if they are manage according to hierarchy structure, there are different level of manager and different opinion towards the change of the organization exist, different people have their own idea, each will suggest different idea and this will wasting time and resources to test for it. Walston and Chou (2011) said that the greater the differences between hierarchical perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort. Therefore, there are no any best constant structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organization can do is only keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic System Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of control, authority, specialization , differentiation and centralized decision making (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is commonly carry out in an organizational chart form. Organizational chart show us the management structure or hierarchical structure, how the organization manage according to different department, or specialization. During the mid 20th century there was a trend for organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hanson Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and General Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific job for specific person, clear role definitions for each job, clear job specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, decisions are made by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of middle level, and these managers will make sure the workers under them is kept in line with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011). Since that are not a teamwork which they do not share common interest but they need to do more than the person who make decision and thus make them do not have any motivation to do their best or produce the best idea. This may occur because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the greater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, but decision is not made by them, conflict will occur. Conflict usually occur in relation to decision and sometimes it may lead to threat (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in Frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is also a waste of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to middle and the top, it take time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) highlight organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes. Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization sake (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). In order to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stalker (1961) highlight that in organic system, position in an organization is differentiated by the expertise, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority. For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the position of the leader is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the position of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider fair because there are no any conflict of interest exist. However, for mechanistic system, position of the manager is the decision of the top level management. When the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are inequality exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the late 1970s until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not reach the consensus of all but just solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get higher position and this is not agreed by all. Organic System Hence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization often decentralize decision making authority, minimize the hierarchical structure and adopt free flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralization, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of environment, he describe organic management system as a network structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the people in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization need to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make o utcomes of job unfavorable related such as low job satisfaction. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest. It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we studied or what we like, if decentralize means that they are all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the feeling of satisfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not fixed, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization. There will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixed. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may bring harm to organization. Hence, there is no the best or the smartest structure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this dynamism of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons Martinsons, 1994 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is suitable in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. Decentralization can motivate employees t o enable them showing out their creative and innovative but not stop by top level manager. At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regulation because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decentralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure for organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography: 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) â€Å"The relationship between organization structure and management control in hospitals: An elaboration and test of Mintzberg’s professional bureaucracy model†, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) â€Å"The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial orientation and expansion performance†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manageme nt, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) â€Å"No such thing as †¦ a â€Å"one best way† to manage organizational change’, Management Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G. M. (1961) â€Å"The management of innovation†, London: Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) â€Å"Organizational strucuture, environment and performance: The role of strategic choice†, Sage Social Science Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) â€Å"Conflicts in family firms: state of the art and perspectives for future research†, Journal of Family Business Management, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) â€Å"The frontline manager: fronting up to organisational change†, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational behaviour and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) â€Å"Network as a business environment: experiences from software industry†, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) â€Å"Considering organization st ructure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective†, Open University. 11. Mukherji, A. (2002) â€Å"The evolution of information systems: their impact on organizations and structures†, Management Decision, 40/5, pp. 497-507. 12. Nandakumar, M. K. , Ghobadian, A. , O’Regan, N. (2010) â€Å"Business-level strategy and Performance: The moderating effects of environment and structure†, Management Decision, 48(6), pp. 907-939. 13. Singh, S. K. (2009) â€Å"Structuring organizations across industries in India†, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 14. Singh, S. K. (2009) â€Å"Structuring organizations across industries in India†, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 15. Smith, I. (2011) â€Å"Organisational quality and organisational change: Interconnecting paths to effectiveness†, Library Management, 32(1/2), pp. 11-128. 16. Strachan, P. A. (1996) â€Å"Managing transformational change: the learning organization and teamworking†, Team Performance Management: An International Journal, (2)2, pp. 32-40. 17. Subramaniam, N. and Mia, L. (2001) â€Å"The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment: The mo derating role of managers value orientation towards innovation†, Accounting, Auditing ; Accountability Journal, 14(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) â€Å"CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and its impact on hospital restructuring outcomes†, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) â€Å"The Informal Structure: Hidden energies within the organization†, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) â€Å"Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality†, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, Seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited.

Dream of Scipio essays

Dream of Scipio essays The Dream of Scipio' is an excellent historical novel which portrays a gripping account of three protagonists each placed in a different time frame. The whole plot is woven around the theme of the horrendous crimes that are committed by mankind as civilization succumbs to the dark periods of each era. The pitiable plight of the Jews is neatly bought to the fore by the author. Particularly the author has projected a clear picture of the loss of discriminating capacity that results from religious prejudice. Manlius (fifth century), Oliver de Noyen (fifteenth century) and Julien Barneuve (20th century) are the three main characters who are affected by the disintegration of society and the upsurge of religious intolerance. Pears recounts how Judaism has been the target in all these three periods of civilian unrest and how the rise of Christianity has led to the gradual alienation of the Jews and as to how the politics within the papacy brewed religious opportunism. The whole religious setup was plagued by corruption to such an extent that even the Popes, the cardinals, and the so called leaders of Christian faith contemplated on exterminating a whole group of people (Jews) with a view to political gains. The whole novel is actually a learning process with the distilled wisdom of Sophia, the philosopher influencing and shaping the lives of the three protagonists We find that the Jews were discriminated throughout the history ever since the Roman era when Christianity became the main religion. The insistence on conversion has been so strong right from the Roman period. The loss of intellectual thinking and the discriminatory capacity is obvious as the Jews were incessantly targeted by the Christendom. In the novel we find that Oliver De Noyen discovers for himself that the higher officials of the Christian faith are more interested in religious ...

Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent Biography

Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent Biography Fluently bilingual, with an Irish mother and a Quà ©bà ©cois father, Louis St. Laurent was an apolitical lawyer when he went to Ottawa in 1941 to be Minister of Justice and Mackenzie Kings Quebec lieutenant temporarily until the end of the war. St. Laurent did not retire from politics until 1958. The post-war years were prosperous in Canada, and Louis St. Laurent expanded social programs and began many mega-projects. While the influence of Britain on Canada was gradually decreasing, the influence of the United States on Canada grew. Prime Minister of Canada 1948-57 Highlights as Prime Minister Newfoundland joined Canada 1949 (see Joey Smallwood)Trans-Canada Highway Act 1949Canada was a founding member of NATO 1949Canada contributed troops to the UN force in Korea from 1950 to 1953. More than 26,000 Canadians served in the Korean War and 516 died.Canada played a role in resolving Suez Crisis 1956St. Lawrence Seaway started construction 1954Introduced equalization payments to distribute federal taxes to provincial governments 1956Introduced universal old age pensionsProvided funds for hospital insuranceCreated Canada Council 1956 Birth and Death Born on February 1, 1882, in Compton, OntarioDied on July 25, 1973, in Quebec City, Quebec Education BA - St. Charles Seminary, Sherbrooke, QuebecLL.L - Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec Professional Background Corporate and constitutional lawyerLaw professorPresident of the Canadian Bar Association 1930-32Counsel, Rowell-Sirois Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations Political Affiliation Liberal Party of Canada Riding (Electoral District) Quebec East Political Career of Louis St. Laurent In 1941, at the age of 59 and at the request of Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent agreed to be Minister of Justice until World War II was over. Louis St. Laurent was first elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in 1942. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada from 1941 to 1946 and again in 1948, and Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1946 to 1948. He was elected Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1948. In 1948, Louis St. Laurent was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada. The Liberals won the general elections of 1949 and 1953. The Liberals lost the general election in 1957 and Louis St. Laurent became Leader of the Opposition. John Diefenbaker became Prime Minister. Louis St. Laurent resigned as Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1958.

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design Essay

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design - Essay Example This makes the website extra working for all viewers for the reason that a number of users cannot see the graphical descriptions in their website browser (Gibson, 2008). The design of websites creates a profusion of usability confronts. Web sites are frequently extremely multifaceted, holding hyperlinked credentials, complex direction-finding format, and community information areas. In accumulation, web browsers take action as a structure for a massive quantity of uses varying from E-banking to online-mail to common groupware as well as offering a plan for interactive electronic credentials of a variety of kinds (e.g., assist schemes, information periodicals, and albums). Various design disputes consequently come about in annoying to design websites that will get in concert the requirements of an enormous viewers by means of conflicting reasons and aptitudes, particular untrustworthy web-browsers, monitor resolutions, pattern locations, and link pace. 1 A number of web strategies have been popularized in an effort to codify main beliefs that continuously hold up functional web practices; however a lot of strategies are supported on most excellent carry out or on laboratory learns by means of fixed background and reproduction locations. Though similar strategies have been practical in the starting phases of the web, we challenge that as the significance of web supported information augments, there will be grow in web plan strategy to be mainly resulting from exact experimental research that reviews users in their usual situations (Nielsen, 2000). â€Å"Usability is a quality feature used for user interfaces which describes how easy user interface is to use† (Nielsen, 2000). In the same way for the usability of a website we have need of techniques, and measures that necessitate vigilant deliberation when budding and designing websites. The majority significant techniques or ways are

The argument for the institution of a world currency Essay

The argument for the institution of a world currency - Essay Example The people who developed the theory believe barter trade being replaced by money exchange is not sufficient to determine a good monetary economy. However, barter trade is considered to be slow and cumbersome, features that are ease by money exchange system. Furthermore, the money system has changed the general functioning economic system; it has also changed the economy parties’ responsibilities. Money system has also enabled easy and fast financial analysis to certain whether the business is in a profit or loss trend. The monetary theory is known to have emerged from critics of the high class businesses evaluation, the reason being that the neo-classical interpretation mode did not consider the small business owners also called the macro-groups. The distribution theory is not well appreciated and instead a theory which recognizes banks as they provide the best payment means as well as the firms’ power since it determines the best locations of important resources. Franc e has got two major groups namely: Dijon school, headed by Bernard Schmitt together with Alvaro cencini. The main problem associated with this group is re –examination of Keynesian based economy as well as international payment analysis. The other group is headed by Alain Parguez Paris based and Francois Poulon heads the Bordeaux branch. This group faces analysis difficulties related to its levels of activities, unemployment as well policies stabilizations. The general equilibrium theory is rejected by the author of this article as its more of the barter trade theory which is considered to be technical means of exchange. The current macro-economics is also rejected due to the exogenous nature of the money stock. Origin and money nature is not well specified in the theory. The theory does not portray the banks and firms relationships instead rely on the unconvincing income distribution notion. The authors reveal further the difficulty in assessing the relationships between the circuit and the Post-Keynesian School. The limitations is associated with government deficits, the stock of money is either increased or reduced due to the transactions between the Central bank as well as Commercial banks. The circuit theory is more of the Wicksellian theory considered to be credit economy based. Circuit theory tends to replace the monetory economy due the latter inconsistency in money commodity. Money commodity can be generally defined as the kind of money which can be created by any producer for himself. Commodity money resembles the slow and cumbersome barter trade hence token money informs of paper currency has gained preference. However it is worth noting that paper currency itself is not enough to define or determine monetary based economy. For instance delivering goods to a customer who would pay later makes the buyer the debtor and you as the seller the creditor, such transaction is not monetary based but credit economy. There are three major vital conditio ns required for money based economy to exist. Money should be in token currency to limit chances of barter trade. Money should also be accepted by all parties i.e. the sellers and the buyer as a means of payment, this limits credit transactions. Agents making payments; the buyers should not be given privilege of seignorage when making payments in other words they should not lengthen their promises to pay for the goods they had earlier received. The above named conditions can only be met if payments are made as promises of an extra party apart from the buyer and seller. Banks is the third party in the modern world. For

Essay --

KATA PENGANTAR Puji Syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang, karena atas Rahmat dan karunianya maka Pengabdian Masyarakat †Pelatihan Pembuatan Web bagi Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat† telah selesai dilaksanakan dan dapat berjalan dengan lancar sesuai dengan perencanaan. Diharapkan penyelenggaraan pelatihan tersebut dapat bermanfaat bagi seluruh peserta khususnya dan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya sehingga mampu meningkatkan ketrampilan pengelolaan di bidang Web Site. Laporan kegiatan ini sangat penting dibuat sebagai bukti pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan kegiatan yang telah dilasanakan dan harus disampaikan kepada pim-pinan. Adapun tujuan dibuatnya laporan ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan rencana selanjutnya. 2. Sebagai penentuan kebijakan atasan 3. Sebagai bukti laporan kegiatan yang telah di laksanakan 4. Untuk mengetahui proses dan perkembangan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan. Dalam laporan ini berikut kami sampaikan tentang : Dasar Penyelenggaraan, Tujuan Pelatihan, Pembiayaan , Kompetensi,Pelaksanaan, J...

Managed Health Care

Within the past thirty to forty years, the scope and cost of health care coverage and services has drastically changed, altering the manner in which health care was previously managed. There are several factors that have affected the cost of health care coverage over the course of the past two to three decades. One of these factors is the introduction and rapidly increasing enrollment in managed health care insurance plans. Managed care health insurance plans can, in most cases, help to alleviate the rising costs of effective medical coverage. Another important factor that has affected health care costs is the invention and implementation of new medical technologies. As prominent researchers and economic analysts have discovered, there is a distinct and direct correlation between advancing medical technologies and rising health care costs. Medical innovation has been proven time and again to be an important determinant of health care cost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans, which attempt to lower health care costs, and highly expensive new medical innovations and procedures are at cross purposes, pulling against one another in very different directions. Market-level comparisons have found the cost growth of health care in markets with greater managed care penetration to be generally slower than that of non-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medical technologies changes. Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly from indemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans. Since the early 1970's, rapidly growing enrollment in managed care health insurance plans has transformed the health insurance market in the United States. Virtually nonexistent in most markets three decades ago, managed care health plans covered 63 percent of the nation's employees by 1994. Managed care incorporates a range of features that allow the insurer greater influence in the process of care delivery. Managed care plans aggressively contract for lower prices from physicians and hospitals and attempt to constrain the use of health care services by monitoring providers and changing provider incentives. Health insurance providers that operate under the fee-for-service concept grant the consumer much more freedom of choice concerning doctors and treatment programs, thus freeing the consumer of any feelings of discontent with â€Å"interfering† insurance companies. Consumers of indemnity plans, however, pay a price for that freedom by way of drastically higher rates and little knowledgeable input on doctors, specialists and nearby hospitals that will fit their particular needs. Many of today's health insurance consumers choose to place their trust in a managed care insurance company, relying on the expertise of the provider to support and facilitate their various medical treatments and needs. Health maintenance organizations, commonly known as HMOs, have emerged as the clear leader of managed care providers. Other types of managed care plans include preferred provider organizations, point of service plans and managed indemnity plans. Most studies focus on HMOs and so do not describe variation in the type of HMO or in the extent of the level of management in non-HMO plans. HMOs have effectively reduced health care expenditures (Scheid, 2003) A natural assumption would be that the quality of care would be lowered as insurance rates go down and remain reasonable and affordable. However, these cost savings have been achieved, according to most evidence, without significant reductions in the quality of care (Bransford, 2006). This suggests that managed care health insurance plans -HMOs in particular- tend to reduce inefficiencies in the health care system. In fact, a study that examined changes in hospital expenses in California found as much as a forty-four percent slower rate of hospital care cost growth in markets with high HMO penetration relative to markets with low HMO penetration (Cooper, & Gottlieb, 2000) There are two main types of services that managed care health insurance companies use to categorize and label their treatments and procedures. These categories are known as complementary services and substitutive services. These two terms apply to new innovations in medical technology and the amount of money spent to provide the technology to the consumer. Complementary services are those whose use increases with the use of the new technology. Complementary services are attractive to the consumer, who, understandably, desires the latest, most effective medical technology to treat themselves and their loved ones. For example, suppose an improvement were to be made in the field of diagnostic imaging. This improvement could provide clearer, higher quality images, thus leading to more favorable surgery outcomes. The likelihood of a better surgical outcome may result in more individuals electing to receive surgical treatment. The development of this new technology in diagnostic imaging would, no doubt, have been highly expensive. Also, the costs associated with an illness in which there is an increased need for surgery are usually quite high. If an innovation leads to greater use of complementary services, expenditures raise more than would be predicted by simply examining the direct expenditures on the innovation. In this case, imaging and surgery are complementary technologies. This example suggests that the use of complementary services may increase the costs associated with use of new innovations by as much as fifty percent. Substitutive services, on the other hand, differ in that they are not provided because of the use of new technologies. The savings associated with the avoidance of these services offset the costs of the technological innovations and complementary services. If the innovation results in improved health outcomes, substitution away from services that would have been consumed later may also occur. It is also hoped that this type of substitution would accompany most preventive services and many other innovations that yield a reduction in morbidity in the long-run. Evidence suggests that medical innovation has led to higher expenditures on health care services. It appears that if the rising cost of health care that results from technological advances remain unchecked by managed care, the effect of technological progress will tend to offset any cost savings achieved by managed care through lower prices or lower use of established services. Factors such as population increases, extended life expectancies and overall inflation have contributed to rising health care costs. However, studies have proven that important advances in specific areas of medical technology have had the most intense effect on health care costs. This finding still applies when it is considered in terms of managed care health insurance plans to a certain undeniable extent (Scheid, 2003). Studies have been conducted during many periods over the course of the past several decades, focusing on substantial increases in health care costs in direct correlation to particular medical procedures and fields. Among these procedures and fields are child birth, radiation therapy, coronary bypass surgery, and nuclear medicine and cancer treatments. For example, the innovation of cesarean sections used during problematic child deliveries has increased health care costs. The various medical personnel must all be compensated for their time and labor: the anesthesiologists, the surgeon, the nurses, etc. Also raising health care costs are fetal monitoring and ultrasound techniques. In the case of breast and other cancers, radiation therapy, as well as combination therapies that include chemotherapy has contributed to rising health care costs. One field of medical practice which has become notorious for being costs-increasing is the study and treatment of heart attacks. In the treatment of heart attacks, the prime cost-increasing technologies were the introduction of intra-coronary streptokinase infusion and coronary bypass surgery. A study performed by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; (2004), using Medicare claims from 1994 to 2001, report a four percent annual increase in the average reimbursement for treating elderly heart attack patients. They attribute the majority of this increase to the diffusion of new technologies for performing invasive revascularization procedures. Over the period of the study, cardiac catheterization rates rose from eleven percent to forty-one percent of heart attack patients. Bypass rates rose from five percent to thirteen percent, and angioplasty rates rose from one percent to twelve percent. The population studied by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; (2004) was overwhelmingly enrolled in traditional FFS Medicare; therefore, any finding must represent a spillover. Furthermore, they do not address the likelihood of receiving a related service, coronary bypass surgery, so we have an incomplete picture of how practice patterns change over the period of time studied. Different approaches are used to determine the impact of new technologies and innovations on health care costs. One approach, called the affirmative approach, focuses on individual technologies or diseases. This approach suffers from an inability to access the aggregate impact of technology on cost growth. The body of evidence suggests that the impact of technology varies by disease. One study notes that in certain areas, technology clearly lowers costs, particularly when that technology facilitates complete cure or prevention of a disease (Scheid, 2003). One example of this type of innovation is the Salk-Sabin polio vaccine, which is inexpensive to develop and manufacture and almost completely eliminates the high costs of polio treatment. Another approach that is used to examine the effect of technology on health care costs is known as the residual approach. This approach views technological advances as being the sole reason for rising health care costs simply because the innovations are so expensive that there must be a method of which to pay for the invention and further development of the technology. The differences between health care givers and the companies that provide the health care insurance have blurred substantially. A decade ago managed health care organizations was referred to as an alternative delivery systems. However, today in the United States, managed health care organizations are now the leading form of health insurance coverage. Every individuals currently living in the United States of America has a need for affordable and accessible health care coverage. Over the last thirty to forty years, the extent and cost of health care coverage have significantly changed; therefore, altering the method in which health care is managed. The demand for health care has expanded because of changes in the age population, increasing incomes, and improvement in medical technology. Elderly people demand more health care and health care systems must supply the expected quality if health care. The improvement of medical technology has largely increased treatments to enable people to have a good quality of life. The resource factors such as land, labor, income, capital, goods and services cause shifts in the managed care. The increase in the health care price reduces people's income and this means that the health care price is more expensive in comparing to other goods and services. An increase in income leads to an increase in demand and vice versa. However, a decrease in income will reduce the amount of health care treatments. The relationship between price and quality of health care demanded indicates the quantity of health care services that can be obtained at conceivable price. A change in price leads to a movement along the demand curve. For example if the price of eye surgery rose significantly, then people would seek another alternative of treatment. This would lead to a fall in the demand, but when income or prices of health care services change, the demand curve will shift. If the level of cost changes then the supply curve will shift. For example if the doctors or nurses income increases, this process will increase health care cost. Managed care plans substituted the traditional fee for service system. The plans provide a number of economic incentives for health care providers, patients, and payers to cut health care cost. The increased enrollment will reduce the health care expenditures through reduction of price and quantity. Currently, the new plans are popular among public sector of health care programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid and Medicare is a joint federal and state-run program that provides health coverage to selected low-income individuals who cannot provide their own health insurance and senior citizens over 65 years of age. Government intervention contributes to an increase of health care cost and creates inefficiencies, while big employers are cutting benefits, demanding higher contributions from their employees and saying there is more of the same to come, smaller and medium-sized employers offering health care plans dropped in 2002. People might demand a better Medicare of Medicaid program, but they will be affected by escalating health care costs. The private insurers will be under even more pressure, as they will have to provide policies tailored to the needs and budgets of their clients. They will increasingly have to keep costs down by using their bargaining power. People in this country demand health care because they want to be healthy. This trend has been fueling managed health care systems for the last forty years. Changes in health care structure are influenced in this country by macroeconomic conditions and the standard of living. Government agencies have a tremendous impact on regulating and controlling of health care spending. Changes in age structure, increasing real incomes, and improvements in medical technology have all fueled this desire for better health care. References Bransford, C.L. (2006). The Exercise of Authority by Social Workers in a Managed Mental Health Care Organization: A Critical Ethnography. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17 (2), 63-85. Cooper, C. C., & Gottlieb, M. C. (2000) Ethical issues with managed care: Challenges facing counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 179-236. Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; 2004; Managed Care Rebound?   Recent Changes in Health Plans' Cost Containment Strategies: (Health Affairs, August 11, 2004) Scheid, T.L. (2003). Managed care and the rationalization of mental health services: Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44 (2), 146-161.   

Poverty and Inequality in Society - 683 Words

Have you ever wondered what it’s like to live in poverty? No proper food, shelter or even clean water. And have you ever stopped for a moment and thought about how inequality and separation has affected the world? Everyone is born different yet we still treat each other differently because of our race, ethnicity, gender, religion and sexuality. Poverty and Inequality has been one of the world’s major concerns. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Poverty is the inability to afford the resources you need to survive; water, food, shelter and results in a few getting wealthy and the majority living in poverty. Inequality is the limiting of people’s social status. This has an effect on your income, resources, opportunities, citizenship and civil rights, lifestyle, education and the list goes on (The Stanford Center, n.d.). Poverty is increasing day by day and this is because the governments in many countries have limited access to resources to supply to the people (Global Issues, 2013). Over 3 billion people survive on less than $2.50 a day. One in every two children lives in poverty. Millions live without proper shelter, safe water or access to health services. In 2003, 10.6 million died before they reach the age of 5 (Global Issues, 2013). This means that there have been roughly 29000 deaths per day. Poverty exists in all countries in the world but is most severe in lower income countries. The rate of poverty is higher in countries that haveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Poverty and Social Inequalities in the Structure of Society969 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty and Social Inequalities in the Structure of Society Poverty can be defined differently, those of contradictory opinions on poverty will probably also have dissimilar opinions on the causes of poverty and the measurement of poverty. 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