Dream of Scipio essays

Dream of Scipio essays The Dream of Scipio' is an excellent historical novel which portrays a gripping account of three protagonists each placed in a different time frame. The whole plot is woven around the theme of the horrendous crimes that are committed by mankind as civilization succumbs to the dark periods of each era. The pitiable plight of the Jews is neatly bought to the fore by the author. Particularly the author has projected a clear picture of the loss of discriminating capacity that results from religious prejudice. Manlius (fifth century), Oliver de Noyen (fifteenth century) and Julien Barneuve (20th century) are the three main characters who are affected by the disintegration of society and the upsurge of religious intolerance. Pears recounts how Judaism has been the target in all these three periods of civilian unrest and how the rise of Christianity has led to the gradual alienation of the Jews and as to how the politics within the papacy brewed religious opportunism. The whole religious setup was plagued by corruption to such an extent that even the Popes, the cardinals, and the so called leaders of Christian faith contemplated on exterminating a whole group of people (Jews) with a view to political gains. The whole novel is actually a learning process with the distilled wisdom of Sophia, the philosopher influencing and shaping the lives of the three protagonists We find that the Jews were discriminated throughout the history ever since the Roman era when Christianity became the main religion. The insistence on conversion has been so strong right from the Roman period. The loss of intellectual thinking and the discriminatory capacity is obvious as the Jews were incessantly targeted by the Christendom. In the novel we find that Oliver De Noyen discovers for himself that the higher officials of the Christian faith are more interested in religious ...

Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent Biography

Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent Biography Fluently bilingual, with an Irish mother and a Quà ©bà ©cois father, Louis St. Laurent was an apolitical lawyer when he went to Ottawa in 1941 to be Minister of Justice and Mackenzie Kings Quebec lieutenant temporarily until the end of the war. St. Laurent did not retire from politics until 1958. The post-war years were prosperous in Canada, and Louis St. Laurent expanded social programs and began many mega-projects. While the influence of Britain on Canada was gradually decreasing, the influence of the United States on Canada grew. Prime Minister of Canada 1948-57 Highlights as Prime Minister Newfoundland joined Canada 1949 (see Joey Smallwood)Trans-Canada Highway Act 1949Canada was a founding member of NATO 1949Canada contributed troops to the UN force in Korea from 1950 to 1953. More than 26,000 Canadians served in the Korean War and 516 died.Canada played a role in resolving Suez Crisis 1956St. Lawrence Seaway started construction 1954Introduced equalization payments to distribute federal taxes to provincial governments 1956Introduced universal old age pensionsProvided funds for hospital insuranceCreated Canada Council 1956 Birth and Death Born on February 1, 1882, in Compton, OntarioDied on July 25, 1973, in Quebec City, Quebec Education BA - St. Charles Seminary, Sherbrooke, QuebecLL.L - Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec Professional Background Corporate and constitutional lawyerLaw professorPresident of the Canadian Bar Association 1930-32Counsel, Rowell-Sirois Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations Political Affiliation Liberal Party of Canada Riding (Electoral District) Quebec East Political Career of Louis St. Laurent In 1941, at the age of 59 and at the request of Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent agreed to be Minister of Justice until World War II was over. Louis St. Laurent was first elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in 1942. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada from 1941 to 1946 and again in 1948, and Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1946 to 1948. He was elected Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1948. In 1948, Louis St. Laurent was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada. The Liberals won the general elections of 1949 and 1953. The Liberals lost the general election in 1957 and Louis St. Laurent became Leader of the Opposition. John Diefenbaker became Prime Minister. Louis St. Laurent resigned as Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1958.

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design Essay

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design - Essay Example This makes the website extra working for all viewers for the reason that a number of users cannot see the graphical descriptions in their website browser (Gibson, 2008). The design of websites creates a profusion of usability confronts. Web sites are frequently extremely multifaceted, holding hyperlinked credentials, complex direction-finding format, and community information areas. In accumulation, web browsers take action as a structure for a massive quantity of uses varying from E-banking to online-mail to common groupware as well as offering a plan for interactive electronic credentials of a variety of kinds (e.g., assist schemes, information periodicals, and albums). Various design disputes consequently come about in annoying to design websites that will get in concert the requirements of an enormous viewers by means of conflicting reasons and aptitudes, particular untrustworthy web-browsers, monitor resolutions, pattern locations, and link pace. 1 A number of web strategies have been popularized in an effort to codify main beliefs that continuously hold up functional web practices; however a lot of strategies are supported on most excellent carry out or on laboratory learns by means of fixed background and reproduction locations. Though similar strategies have been practical in the starting phases of the web, we challenge that as the significance of web supported information augments, there will be grow in web plan strategy to be mainly resulting from exact experimental research that reviews users in their usual situations (Nielsen, 2000). â€Å"Usability is a quality feature used for user interfaces which describes how easy user interface is to use† (Nielsen, 2000). In the same way for the usability of a website we have need of techniques, and measures that necessitate vigilant deliberation when budding and designing websites. The majority significant techniques or ways are

The argument for the institution of a world currency Essay

The argument for the institution of a world currency - Essay Example The people who developed the theory believe barter trade being replaced by money exchange is not sufficient to determine a good monetary economy. However, barter trade is considered to be slow and cumbersome, features that are ease by money exchange system. Furthermore, the money system has changed the general functioning economic system; it has also changed the economy parties’ responsibilities. Money system has also enabled easy and fast financial analysis to certain whether the business is in a profit or loss trend. The monetary theory is known to have emerged from critics of the high class businesses evaluation, the reason being that the neo-classical interpretation mode did not consider the small business owners also called the macro-groups. The distribution theory is not well appreciated and instead a theory which recognizes banks as they provide the best payment means as well as the firms’ power since it determines the best locations of important resources. Franc e has got two major groups namely: Dijon school, headed by Bernard Schmitt together with Alvaro cencini. The main problem associated with this group is re –examination of Keynesian based economy as well as international payment analysis. The other group is headed by Alain Parguez Paris based and Francois Poulon heads the Bordeaux branch. This group faces analysis difficulties related to its levels of activities, unemployment as well policies stabilizations. The general equilibrium theory is rejected by the author of this article as its more of the barter trade theory which is considered to be technical means of exchange. The current macro-economics is also rejected due to the exogenous nature of the money stock. Origin and money nature is not well specified in the theory. The theory does not portray the banks and firms relationships instead rely on the unconvincing income distribution notion. The authors reveal further the difficulty in assessing the relationships between the circuit and the Post-Keynesian School. The limitations is associated with government deficits, the stock of money is either increased or reduced due to the transactions between the Central bank as well as Commercial banks. The circuit theory is more of the Wicksellian theory considered to be credit economy based. Circuit theory tends to replace the monetory economy due the latter inconsistency in money commodity. Money commodity can be generally defined as the kind of money which can be created by any producer for himself. Commodity money resembles the slow and cumbersome barter trade hence token money informs of paper currency has gained preference. However it is worth noting that paper currency itself is not enough to define or determine monetary based economy. For instance delivering goods to a customer who would pay later makes the buyer the debtor and you as the seller the creditor, such transaction is not monetary based but credit economy. There are three major vital conditio ns required for money based economy to exist. Money should be in token currency to limit chances of barter trade. Money should also be accepted by all parties i.e. the sellers and the buyer as a means of payment, this limits credit transactions. Agents making payments; the buyers should not be given privilege of seignorage when making payments in other words they should not lengthen their promises to pay for the goods they had earlier received. The above named conditions can only be met if payments are made as promises of an extra party apart from the buyer and seller. Banks is the third party in the modern world. For

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KATA PENGANTAR Puji Syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang, karena atas Rahmat dan karunianya maka Pengabdian Masyarakat †Pelatihan Pembuatan Web bagi Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat† telah selesai dilaksanakan dan dapat berjalan dengan lancar sesuai dengan perencanaan. Diharapkan penyelenggaraan pelatihan tersebut dapat bermanfaat bagi seluruh peserta khususnya dan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya sehingga mampu meningkatkan ketrampilan pengelolaan di bidang Web Site. Laporan kegiatan ini sangat penting dibuat sebagai bukti pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan kegiatan yang telah dilasanakan dan harus disampaikan kepada pim-pinan. Adapun tujuan dibuatnya laporan ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan rencana selanjutnya. 2. Sebagai penentuan kebijakan atasan 3. Sebagai bukti laporan kegiatan yang telah di laksanakan 4. Untuk mengetahui proses dan perkembangan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan. Dalam laporan ini berikut kami sampaikan tentang : Dasar Penyelenggaraan, Tujuan Pelatihan, Pembiayaan , Kompetensi,Pelaksanaan, J...

Managed Health Care

Within the past thirty to forty years, the scope and cost of health care coverage and services has drastically changed, altering the manner in which health care was previously managed. There are several factors that have affected the cost of health care coverage over the course of the past two to three decades. One of these factors is the introduction and rapidly increasing enrollment in managed health care insurance plans. Managed care health insurance plans can, in most cases, help to alleviate the rising costs of effective medical coverage. Another important factor that has affected health care costs is the invention and implementation of new medical technologies. As prominent researchers and economic analysts have discovered, there is a distinct and direct correlation between advancing medical technologies and rising health care costs. Medical innovation has been proven time and again to be an important determinant of health care cost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans, which attempt to lower health care costs, and highly expensive new medical innovations and procedures are at cross purposes, pulling against one another in very different directions. Market-level comparisons have found the cost growth of health care in markets with greater managed care penetration to be generally slower than that of non-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medical technologies changes. Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly from indemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans. Since the early 1970's, rapidly growing enrollment in managed care health insurance plans has transformed the health insurance market in the United States. Virtually nonexistent in most markets three decades ago, managed care health plans covered 63 percent of the nation's employees by 1994. Managed care incorporates a range of features that allow the insurer greater influence in the process of care delivery. Managed care plans aggressively contract for lower prices from physicians and hospitals and attempt to constrain the use of health care services by monitoring providers and changing provider incentives. Health insurance providers that operate under the fee-for-service concept grant the consumer much more freedom of choice concerning doctors and treatment programs, thus freeing the consumer of any feelings of discontent with â€Å"interfering† insurance companies. Consumers of indemnity plans, however, pay a price for that freedom by way of drastically higher rates and little knowledgeable input on doctors, specialists and nearby hospitals that will fit their particular needs. Many of today's health insurance consumers choose to place their trust in a managed care insurance company, relying on the expertise of the provider to support and facilitate their various medical treatments and needs. Health maintenance organizations, commonly known as HMOs, have emerged as the clear leader of managed care providers. Other types of managed care plans include preferred provider organizations, point of service plans and managed indemnity plans. Most studies focus on HMOs and so do not describe variation in the type of HMO or in the extent of the level of management in non-HMO plans. HMOs have effectively reduced health care expenditures (Scheid, 2003) A natural assumption would be that the quality of care would be lowered as insurance rates go down and remain reasonable and affordable. However, these cost savings have been achieved, according to most evidence, without significant reductions in the quality of care (Bransford, 2006). This suggests that managed care health insurance plans -HMOs in particular- tend to reduce inefficiencies in the health care system. In fact, a study that examined changes in hospital expenses in California found as much as a forty-four percent slower rate of hospital care cost growth in markets with high HMO penetration relative to markets with low HMO penetration (Cooper, & Gottlieb, 2000) There are two main types of services that managed care health insurance companies use to categorize and label their treatments and procedures. These categories are known as complementary services and substitutive services. These two terms apply to new innovations in medical technology and the amount of money spent to provide the technology to the consumer. Complementary services are those whose use increases with the use of the new technology. Complementary services are attractive to the consumer, who, understandably, desires the latest, most effective medical technology to treat themselves and their loved ones. For example, suppose an improvement were to be made in the field of diagnostic imaging. This improvement could provide clearer, higher quality images, thus leading to more favorable surgery outcomes. The likelihood of a better surgical outcome may result in more individuals electing to receive surgical treatment. The development of this new technology in diagnostic imaging would, no doubt, have been highly expensive. Also, the costs associated with an illness in which there is an increased need for surgery are usually quite high. If an innovation leads to greater use of complementary services, expenditures raise more than would be predicted by simply examining the direct expenditures on the innovation. In this case, imaging and surgery are complementary technologies. This example suggests that the use of complementary services may increase the costs associated with use of new innovations by as much as fifty percent. Substitutive services, on the other hand, differ in that they are not provided because of the use of new technologies. The savings associated with the avoidance of these services offset the costs of the technological innovations and complementary services. If the innovation results in improved health outcomes, substitution away from services that would have been consumed later may also occur. It is also hoped that this type of substitution would accompany most preventive services and many other innovations that yield a reduction in morbidity in the long-run. Evidence suggests that medical innovation has led to higher expenditures on health care services. It appears that if the rising cost of health care that results from technological advances remain unchecked by managed care, the effect of technological progress will tend to offset any cost savings achieved by managed care through lower prices or lower use of established services. Factors such as population increases, extended life expectancies and overall inflation have contributed to rising health care costs. However, studies have proven that important advances in specific areas of medical technology have had the most intense effect on health care costs. This finding still applies when it is considered in terms of managed care health insurance plans to a certain undeniable extent (Scheid, 2003). Studies have been conducted during many periods over the course of the past several decades, focusing on substantial increases in health care costs in direct correlation to particular medical procedures and fields. Among these procedures and fields are child birth, radiation therapy, coronary bypass surgery, and nuclear medicine and cancer treatments. For example, the innovation of cesarean sections used during problematic child deliveries has increased health care costs. The various medical personnel must all be compensated for their time and labor: the anesthesiologists, the surgeon, the nurses, etc. Also raising health care costs are fetal monitoring and ultrasound techniques. In the case of breast and other cancers, radiation therapy, as well as combination therapies that include chemotherapy has contributed to rising health care costs. One field of medical practice which has become notorious for being costs-increasing is the study and treatment of heart attacks. In the treatment of heart attacks, the prime cost-increasing technologies were the introduction of intra-coronary streptokinase infusion and coronary bypass surgery. A study performed by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; (2004), using Medicare claims from 1994 to 2001, report a four percent annual increase in the average reimbursement for treating elderly heart attack patients. They attribute the majority of this increase to the diffusion of new technologies for performing invasive revascularization procedures. Over the period of the study, cardiac catheterization rates rose from eleven percent to forty-one percent of heart attack patients. Bypass rates rose from five percent to thirteen percent, and angioplasty rates rose from one percent to twelve percent. The population studied by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; (2004) was overwhelmingly enrolled in traditional FFS Medicare; therefore, any finding must represent a spillover. Furthermore, they do not address the likelihood of receiving a related service, coronary bypass surgery, so we have an incomplete picture of how practice patterns change over the period of time studied. Different approaches are used to determine the impact of new technologies and innovations on health care costs. One approach, called the affirmative approach, focuses on individual technologies or diseases. This approach suffers from an inability to access the aggregate impact of technology on cost growth. The body of evidence suggests that the impact of technology varies by disease. One study notes that in certain areas, technology clearly lowers costs, particularly when that technology facilitates complete cure or prevention of a disease (Scheid, 2003). One example of this type of innovation is the Salk-Sabin polio vaccine, which is inexpensive to develop and manufacture and almost completely eliminates the high costs of polio treatment. Another approach that is used to examine the effect of technology on health care costs is known as the residual approach. This approach views technological advances as being the sole reason for rising health care costs simply because the innovations are so expensive that there must be a method of which to pay for the invention and further development of the technology. The differences between health care givers and the companies that provide the health care insurance have blurred substantially. A decade ago managed health care organizations was referred to as an alternative delivery systems. However, today in the United States, managed health care organizations are now the leading form of health insurance coverage. Every individuals currently living in the United States of America has a need for affordable and accessible health care coverage. Over the last thirty to forty years, the extent and cost of health care coverage have significantly changed; therefore, altering the method in which health care is managed. The demand for health care has expanded because of changes in the age population, increasing incomes, and improvement in medical technology. Elderly people demand more health care and health care systems must supply the expected quality if health care. The improvement of medical technology has largely increased treatments to enable people to have a good quality of life. The resource factors such as land, labor, income, capital, goods and services cause shifts in the managed care. The increase in the health care price reduces people's income and this means that the health care price is more expensive in comparing to other goods and services. An increase in income leads to an increase in demand and vice versa. However, a decrease in income will reduce the amount of health care treatments. The relationship between price and quality of health care demanded indicates the quantity of health care services that can be obtained at conceivable price. A change in price leads to a movement along the demand curve. For example if the price of eye surgery rose significantly, then people would seek another alternative of treatment. This would lead to a fall in the demand, but when income or prices of health care services change, the demand curve will shift. If the level of cost changes then the supply curve will shift. For example if the doctors or nurses income increases, this process will increase health care cost. Managed care plans substituted the traditional fee for service system. The plans provide a number of economic incentives for health care providers, patients, and payers to cut health care cost. The increased enrollment will reduce the health care expenditures through reduction of price and quantity. Currently, the new plans are popular among public sector of health care programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid and Medicare is a joint federal and state-run program that provides health coverage to selected low-income individuals who cannot provide their own health insurance and senior citizens over 65 years of age. Government intervention contributes to an increase of health care cost and creates inefficiencies, while big employers are cutting benefits, demanding higher contributions from their employees and saying there is more of the same to come, smaller and medium-sized employers offering health care plans dropped in 2002. People might demand a better Medicare of Medicaid program, but they will be affected by escalating health care costs. The private insurers will be under even more pressure, as they will have to provide policies tailored to the needs and budgets of their clients. They will increasingly have to keep costs down by using their bargaining power. People in this country demand health care because they want to be healthy. This trend has been fueling managed health care systems for the last forty years. Changes in health care structure are influenced in this country by macroeconomic conditions and the standard of living. Government agencies have a tremendous impact on regulating and controlling of health care spending. Changes in age structure, increasing real incomes, and improvements in medical technology have all fueled this desire for better health care. References Bransford, C.L. (2006). The Exercise of Authority by Social Workers in a Managed Mental Health Care Organization: A Critical Ethnography. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17 (2), 63-85. Cooper, C. C., & Gottlieb, M. C. (2000) Ethical issues with managed care: Challenges facing counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 179-236. Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White; 2004; Managed Care Rebound?   Recent Changes in Health Plans' Cost Containment Strategies: (Health Affairs, August 11, 2004) Scheid, T.L. (2003). Managed care and the rationalization of mental health services: Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44 (2), 146-161.   

Poverty and Inequality in Society - 683 Words

Have you ever wondered what it’s like to live in poverty? No proper food, shelter or even clean water. And have you ever stopped for a moment and thought about how inequality and separation has affected the world? Everyone is born different yet we still treat each other differently because of our race, ethnicity, gender, religion and sexuality. Poverty and Inequality has been one of the world’s major concerns. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Poverty is the inability to afford the resources you need to survive; water, food, shelter and results in a few getting wealthy and the majority living in poverty. Inequality is the limiting of people’s social status. This has an effect on your income, resources, opportunities, citizenship and civil rights, lifestyle, education and the list goes on (The Stanford Center, n.d.). Poverty is increasing day by day and this is because the governments in many countries have limited access to resources to supply to the people (Global Issues, 2013). Over 3 billion people survive on less than $2.50 a day. One in every two children lives in poverty. Millions live without proper shelter, safe water or access to health services. In 2003, 10.6 million died before they reach the age of 5 (Global Issues, 2013). This means that there have been roughly 29000 deaths per day. Poverty exists in all countries in the world but is most severe in lower income countries. The rate of poverty is higher in countries that haveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Poverty and Social Inequalities in the Structure of Society969 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty and Social Inequalities in the Structure of Society Poverty can be defined differently, those of contradictory opinions on poverty will probably also have dissimilar opinions on the causes of poverty and the measurement of poverty. 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